Curriculum Vitae and Bibliography (2004)

David L. Lewis, Ph.D.

Department of Marine Sciences

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia 30602

Tele. (706) 542 7370

FAX (706) 769 9541

Email: LewisDaveL@ aol.com

Education

B.S. 1971, Microbiology, University of Georgia

Ph.D.1986, (Microbial) Ecology, University of Georgia

Current Position

(1998‑present) Visiting Scientist and Adjunct Faculty (Institute of Ecology) in the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.

I am currently overseeing a prospective cohort study on transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other blood-borne pathogens in Egypt via inadequately disinfected endoscopes and applying that work to environmental persistence of human pathogens. This work is being carried out in collaboration with researchers from the University of Maryland's Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine in Baltimore, MD, the Liver Institute at Menoufiya University in Egypt, and the WHO‑sponsored Hepatitis C Prevention Project headquartered in Cairo, Egypt.

Summary of Major Accomplishments

$ U.S. House of Representatives Science Committee Hearings and New Federal Guidelines for Infection Control with Municipal Waste Disposal

Largely as a result of our research on pathogens in land-applied sewage sludge, the EPA called on the National Academy of Sciences to review the science behind the Agency's 503 sludge rule. (Gattie, D.K. and D. L. Lewis. 2004. A high-level disinfection standard for land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 126-31; Lewis, D.L., et al. 2002. Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land‑applied sewage sludges (biosolids) BMC Public Health 2:11 (28 Jun); Lewis, D.L. & D. K. Gattie. 2002. Pathogen risks from applying sewage sludge to land Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T) July 1, 2002 Vol. 36 (No.13) pp 286A-293A) Public response to this research, and interest on the part of the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), is also largely responsible for House Science Committee hearings in the 106th Congress and new guidelines published in August, 2000 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services aimed at protecting workers from infections caused by Class B sludge (Cocalis, J., et al. 2000. Workers exposed to Class B biosolids during and after field application. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2000‑158).

$ Novel application of chiral chemistry and genetic fingerprinting advanced understanding of effects of global environmental changes on chemical pollutants and potential health risks of land applied sewage sludge.

Many chemical pollutants, including some herbicides, insecticides, PCBs, plasticizers, and freon substitutes, are chiral. That is, they have identical chemical structures but different molecular shapes ‑ called enantiomers. Their biological effects, such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and endocrine disrupter activity, are generally enantiomer selective, and different enantiomers are preferentially transformed by microorganisms in various environments. An international study I led demonstrated that environmental changes can alter these preferences and that preferences shift as different groups of related microbial genotypes are activated by different environmental changes. Current environmental risk assessments, therefore, may be unreliable in many cases. The significance of this work was recognized in a leading international journal that publishes particularly significant discoveries of broad interest to the scientific community (Lewis, DL, et al. 1999. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature. 401:898‑901.). It was also recognized by EPA with the Science Achievement Award for Biology/Ecology in the year 2000.

$ New Federal Guidelines for Infection Control in Dentistry

My research on the survival of viruses outside the body in the clinical environment and their resistance to treatment with chemical disinfectants was published in two prestigious international journals (Lewis, D.L., et al. 1992. Cross‑contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet. 340: 1252‑4; Lewis, D.L., and M. Arens. 1995. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Medicine. 1:956‑958). The work prompted new infection control guidelines by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U. S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Recommended infection‑control practices for dentistry. 1993. Morbid. Mortal. Wky. Rep. 42:1‑12), as well as by public health agencies in various other countries throughout Europe, Asia, and elsewhere.

$ Discovery that Nitrogen and Phosphorus Determine Adaptation Lag Periods for Microbial Degradation of Chemical Pollutants

My research on limiting nutrients and adaptation of microbes to breaking down toxic chemicals led to a number of other studies that confirmed these results at Cornell University (Wiggins, et al. 1987. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:791‑796; Jones and Alexander. 1988. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:3177‑3179; Zaidi, et al. 1988. Environ. Sci. Tech. 22:1419) and the University of North Carolina (Swindoll, et al. 1988. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 545:212‑217).

Altogether, my research on environmental science and public health issues has been covered by numerous public news media and news and views sections of scientific and professional journals. These include Science, Environmental Science & Technology, Chemical & Engineering News, Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of the American Dental Association, National Geographic, Time magazine, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, Forbes magazine, Reader's Digest, USA Today, Washington Post, Washington Times, Boston Globe, L.A. Times, London Times, PBS Healthweek, PBS Technopolitics, ABC's Primetime Live, Dateline NBC, CBS Evening News, CNN News and in television documentaries produced by the BBC (Panorama) and FOX News.

In February 1998, an eight‑page overview of my research accomplishments was published as a cover story by Time, Inc.'s Hippocrates magazine, which won a national award presented in New York for the best cover story of any trade journal for the year.

DETAILED BACKGROUND

Experience

1998 ‑ present. Visiting Scientist, Department of Marine Sciences; Adjunct Faculty, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Currently, I am working as a Visiting Scientist and Adjunct Faculty member (Ecology) the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Georgia studying pathogens in dental and medical devices and their survival in the environment. As the overall project manager, I oversee a prospective epidemiological study on hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other human pathogens in Egypt.

This work is being carried out in collaboration with researchers from the University of Maryland's Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine in Baltimore, MD, the Liver Institute at Menoufiya University in Egypt, and the WHO‑sponsored Hepatitis C Prevention Project headquartered in Cairo, Egypt. It is both humanitarian and scientific in nature.

At the present time, even the best medical facilities in Egypt are unable to fully comply with proper high‑level disinfection guidelines. For Egypt, this is particularly serious since approximately one in five individuals in the population is infected with HCV. The first objective of our project, therefore, is to bring the collaborating Egyptian medical facility (the Liver Institute) into full compliance with modern infection control practices. Upon completion of this initial phase, we will begin a prospective study of 2,000 patients by applying RNA sequencing and other epidemiological tools to investigate the environmental survival of HCV, hepatitis B virus, and Helicobacter pylori (the causative agent of stomach ulcers).

Better understanding how these and other human pathogens survive and are transmitted in the environmental setting of medical care facilities will significantly improve our understanding of how they may persist in, and be transmitted in, natural environments. The second area of my has been to study the survival of viral and bacterial pathogens in natural environments. For this, I have focused on soil with land‑applied sewage sludge. Similar to the hospital environment where pathogens reside in organic debris treated with disinfectant and antibiotic chemicals, sewage sludge provides low levels of these same pathogens a highly organic environment that is often contaminated with similar levels of phenolic chemicals, antibiotics, and detergents from agricultural and industrial wastes.

1977‑2003. Research Microbiologist (GS-15), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia

Until my retirement with 32 years of government service, I worked in the Ecosystems Assessment Branch of the EPA research laboratory in Athens, GA. I served as the Project Officer of a Cooperative Agreement with the Ecosystems Center of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA titled "Interactions of Factors that Control Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: A Transect Study". I also served as the Principal Investigator of an Internal Grant, "Enantioselective Microbial Transformation of Airborne Pollutants." My duties were to formulate, develop, implement, and direct research to develop and test mathematical models to characterize microbial activities and processes impacting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. I interacted with other teams within the Branch, Division, Laboratory, and at other laboratories in the Office of Research & Development to meet these objectives. I identified and incorporated research needs into work plans, in-house and extramural contracts, cooperative agreements, and interagency agreements to meet Branch and Program objectives. I reviewed research proposals for scientific merit, program pertinence, and probable success and recommended appropriate action to the Branch Chief, Research Director, Director of National Programs, Division, and Laboratory Director. I prepared reports, journal articles, and other communication materials in support of Branch, Laboratory, and Agency needs for presentation at scientific and professional meetings and to EPA program offices.

1976. Analytical Chemist, Ciba‑Geigy Corporation, McIntosh, Alabama

I was responsible for performing chemical analyses and assuring the chemical purity of several hundred commercial products and their chemical intermediates. These products included pesticides, food additives, and optical brighteners. The analyses I performed included thin‑layer and gas chromatography, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy.

1971‑75. Microbiologist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia

I was responsible for performing inorganic and organic chemical analyses and carrying out microbiological experiments regarding the biodegradation of pesticides. The analyses primarily included thin‑layer and gas‑liquid chromatography.

Awards and Honors

U.S. EPA Science Achievement Award for Biology/ Ecology, 2000.

"The Lexington Institute with Dr. David Lewis," April 11, 2000. Dinner for Members and staff of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, corporate leaders, and others to recognize my contributions to public policy in environmental science. Hay Adams Hotel, Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC.

Accuracy in Media Award, 1998. Presented by Accuracy in Media, Washington, DC

First American elected to the European Panel on Infection Control in Dentistry, 1995.

Who's Who in Science & Engineering, 1994/95

Sigma Xi Active Faculty Research Award, 1993 (for research on disease transmission in dentistry).

Sigma Xi Active Faculty Research Award, 1992 (for research on survival of microbes in the environment).

Elected President, University of Georgia Chapter of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 1994‑1995

Elected Secretary, University of Georgia Chapter of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 1991‑1992

Appointed to the Editorial Board of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1991‑1993

Appointed to the Graduate Faculty, University of Georgia, 1989.

Sigma Xi Active Faculty Research Award, 1988 (for research in environmental microbiology)

Sigma Xi Active Faculty Research Award, 1986 (for research in environmental microbiology)

Elected to The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi for graduating from the University of Georgia with a 4.0 cumulative grade average (scale of 0.0 to 4.0). 1986.

Technical Sessions Organized

As part of my U.S. EPA Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) appointment to study pathogens in dental and medical devices and their survival in the environment, I organized a meeting in Cairo, Egypt in July, 2000 between physicians, scientists, and hospital administrators associated with the WHO‑sponsored Hepatitis C Project. This led to a two‑year, prospective epidemiological study of hepatitis C virus, of which I am the project manager in collaboration with researchers at the University of Maryland Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, the Hepatitis C Project, and the Liver Institute of Egypt (Budget: $844,000).

Also related to my IPA appointment, I helped organize, and made presentations at, sessions on environmental survival of pathogens at two international meetings: "Instrumentos mal higienizados." June 14‑18, 1999 in Montivideo, Uruguay, and "Endoscopia digestiva: Una sfida per il controllo delle Infezioni Ospedaliere." Atti IV Congresso Nazionale A.N.I.P.I.O. November 4‑7, 1998 in Genoa, Italy.

These sessions developed as a follow‑up to previous technical sessions that I helped develop concerning the environmental survival and nosocomial transmission of pathogens found in dental and medical devices and municipal wastes. This included chairing a roundtable seminar on dental pathogens in1992 at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology in New Orleans, LA, which was sponsored by the American Academy of Microbiology. Afterwards, I helped put together corresponding sessions in Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Feb., 1994), Barcelona, Spain (July, 1994), and in Strasbourg, France and Bieberach, Germany (May, 1995).

Primarily as a result of these sessions and the research I published in the British medical journals Lancet (Lewis, D.L., et al., 1992. Cross‑contamination potential with dental equipment. 340:1252‑4.) and Nature Medicine (Lewis, D.L., and M. Arens. 1995. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. 1:956‑958), I have been credited with prompting the federal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), and numerous countries throughout Europe and Asia to adopt heat sterilization standards for all reused dental devices that enter the oral cavity. (See, for example, Hippocrates, February 1998, pp. 40‑47 and Practical Gastroenterology. 1999, Vol. 23, p.28.)

In applying this work to environmental problems, I helped organize a session for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Science, Risk Assessment, and the Use of Urban Sewage Sludge. My presentation, "Microbes in the Environment: Challenges to Exposure Assessment," was given at the 1998 national meeting of AAAS in Philadelphia. It was one of several presentations covered by Science News (Feb. 28, 1998) in their highlights of the meetings.

Afterwards, as an Adjunct Senior Fellow of the Lexington Institute, I helped organize a conference on science issues related to pathogens in land‑applied sewage sludge, which was held in Washington, D.C. on March 23, 1999. This and similar events I organized on Capitol Hill led to a full Science Committee Hearing on EPA's Sludge Rule in the U.S. House of Representatives on March 22, 2000. As a result, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services collaborated with me and published new guidelines for protecting workers exposed to sewage sludge ( Cocalis, J., et al. August, 2000. "Workers Exposed to Class B Biosolids During and after Field Application" DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 2000‑158.). EPA officially supported these recommendations and, on August 3, 2000, called for a National Academy of Sciences study of the land application of sewage sludge.

Much of my research at EPA over the past twenty years has focused on microbial biodegradation of pesticides and other organic pollutants. I helped organize a number of sessions in this area including: serving as Discussion Leader for two Gordon Research Conferences held in New Hampton, New Hampshire, in 1989 and 1991. These sessions were titled "Novel Applications of Microbial Kinetics" and "Microbes mediating/mitigating global climate changes". I also organized and served as Co‑convener of three American Society for Microbiology Seminars at annual ASM meetings: "Rates of Microbial Transformations of Xenobiotic Chemicals in the Environment" (Atlanta, GA. 1982), "Degradation Rates of Xenobiotic Chemicals in the Environment" (New Orleans, LA. 1989), and Global Climate Change: Nitrogen cycling" (Anaheim, CA. 1990).

Before this, I developed a use for halogenated hydroxyquinolines as a substitute for chlordane in the control of termites (Lewis, D.L., et al. 1978. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 818‑821) and helped organize the First International Workshop on Termites in Arid Ecosystems (1979), held in Cairo, Egypt. As chair of the conference, I gave the televised opening address.

Invited Oral Presentations at Scientific/Technical Meetings

Lewis, D. L. ACorporate and Government Suppression of Research.@ Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2004 Integrity in Science Conference. The International Trade Center, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC. July 12, 2004.

Lewis, D.L., et al. "Health risks from pathogens and irritant chemicals in land‑applied sewage sludge." Boston University School of Public Health. November 2, 2001. Cambridge, MA.

Lewis, D.L. "Land application of sewage sludge." Water Environment Federation WEFTEC 2000 Workshop. October 14‑15, 2000. Anaheim, CA.

Lewis, D.L. "Science at EPA." Lexington Institute Conference on Science at the Environmental Protection Agency. July 12, 2000. Longworth House Office Building, Washington, D.C.

Lewis, D.L. "Potential risks associated with Class B sewage sludge." Pennsylvania Environmental Network. May 17, 2000. Harrisburg, PA.

Lewis, D. L. "Moving science to the forefront." Ninth International Conference on Health and the Environment. April 26‑28, 2000. United Nations Headquarters, New York, NY.

Lewis, D.L. "Science in environmental protection." The Lexington Institute with Dr. David Lewis. April 11, 2000. Hay Adams Hotel, Pennsylvania Avenue. Washington, D.C.

Lewis, D.L., et al. "Enhanced susceptibility to infection from exposure to gases emitted by sewage sludge: A case study." University of Maryland workshop: Biosolids Management in the 21st Century (Sponsored by the National Science Foundation). April 10‑11, 2000. College Park, MD.

Lewis, D.L. Agricultural use of sewage sludge. Annual meeting of the American Farm Bureau Federation. January 9‑13, 2000. Houston, TX.

Lewis, D.L. Agricultural use of sewage sludge. Association of Applied Insect Ecologists. January 30 ‑ February 1, 2000. Sacramento, CA.

Lewis, D.L. "Potential Public Health and Environmental Risks Associated with Class B Sewage Sludge" Hearing before the Kern County California Board of Supervisors, October 4‑6, 1999. Bakersville, CA.

Lewis, D. L. "Instrumentos mal higienizados." Sponsored by the University of Uruguay and Midet Corporation, Ltda. June 14‑18, 1999. Montivideo, Uruguay

Lewis, D.L. The 503 sludge rule. Lexington Institute conference. March 23, 1999. National Press Club, Washington, D.C.

Lewis, D.L. "Disinfection and sterilization of flexible endoscopes." American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants. March 16,1999. Atlanta, GA

Lewis, D.L. "Science in environmental protection." National Wilderness Institute/Lexington Institute conference. May 12, 1998. Washington, D.C.

Lewis, D.L. "Endoscopia digestiva: Una sfida per il controllo delle Infezioni Ospedaliere." Atti IV Congresso Nazionale A.N.I.P.I.O. November 4‑7, 1998. Genoa, Italy.

Lewis, D.L. "Science in federal policies." The corruption epidemic: Where have all the heros gone? October 24, 1998. Accuracy in Media. Washington Marriot, Washington, D.C.

Lewis, D.L. "Microbes in the environment: Challenges to exposure assessment." Annual Meeting and Science innovation Exposition of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. February 12‑17, 1998. Philadelphia, PA.

Lewis, D.L. "Protecting regulations versus protecting the environment." Edmund Burke Society. January 28, 1998. EPA Headquarters (WIC), Washington, D.C.

Other presentations (Submitted & accepted)

Lewis, D.L. "Global effects of various soil treatments on transformations of chiral chemicals. Society of Environmental Science & Technology Annual Meeting. Nov. 1999. Philadelphia, PA.

Wommack, K.E., A. Whitamore, R. Hodson, and D.L. Lewis. "Phenotypic and taxonomic characterization of soil bacteria which degrade a chiral herbicide." American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting. 1999. St. Louis, MO.

Scientific Publications

1. Gattie, D.K. and D. L. Lewis. 2004. A high-level disinfection standard for land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 126-31.

2. Lewis, D.L., et al. 2002. Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land‑applied sewage sludges (biosolids) BMC Public Health 2:11 (28 Jun)

3. Lewis, D.L. & D. K. Gattie. 2002. Pathogen risks from applying sewage sludge to land Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T) July 1, 2002 Vol. 36 (No.13) pp 286A‑293A

4. Lewis, D.L. et al. Enhanced susceptibility to infection from exposure to gases emitted by sewage sludge: A case study. Proceedings of: Biosolids Management in the 21st Century Organized by Department of Civil & Environmental Eng., Univ. of Maryland and sponsored by the National Science Foundation. April 10‑11, 2000. College Park, MD.

5. Lewis, DL, et al. 1999. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature. 401:898‑901.

6. Lewis, DL. 1999. A sterilization standard for endoscopes and other difficult to clean medical devices. Practical Gastroenterology. 23: 28‑56.

7. Lewis, D.L. 1999. High‑level disinfection of flexible endoscopes: a microbiologist's point of view. International Review of Modern Surgery. pp. 77‑83. (Published in association with the International Federation of Surgical Colleges)

8. Lewis, D.L. 1996. EPA Science: Casualty of election politics. Nature. 381:731‑732.

9. Steudler, P.A., R.D. Jones, M.S. Castro, J.M. Melillo, and D.L. Lewis. 1996. Microbial Controls of Methane Oxidation in Temperate Forest and Agricultural Soils. NATO ASI Series. Vol. 139. In: Microbiology of Atmospheric Trace Gases. J. Colin Murrell and Donovan P. Kelly, Ed. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

10. Lewis, D.L., and M. Arens. 1995. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Medicine. 1:956‑958.

11. Lewis, D.L., M. Arens, R. Harllee, and G.E. Michaels. 1995. Risks of infections with blood‑ and saliva‑borne pathogens from internally contaminated impressions and models. National Association of Dental Laboratories. Trends & Techniques. 12: 30‑34.

12. Lewis, D.L., J.M. Melillo, P.A. Steudler, J. Jones, and R. Burke. 1994. Radiatively Important Trace Gases in Temperate Systems: EPA Global Change Program. Office of Policy, Planning & Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

13. Castro, M., W. Peterjohn, J. Melillo, P. Steudler, H. Gholz, and D. Lewis. 1994. Effects of fertilization on the fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 from soils in a Florida slash pine plantation. Can. J. For. Res. 24:1‑4.

14. Lewis, D.L., M. Arens, S. Appleton, K. Nakashima, J. Ryu, R.K. Boe, J. Patrick, D. Watanabe, & M. Suzuki. 1992. Cross‑contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet. 340: 1252‑4.

15. Lewis, D.L. & R.K. Boe. 1992. Cross‑infection risks associated with current procedures for using high‑speed dental handpieces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:401‑406.

16. Lewis, D.L., A. Simons, W. Moore, and D. Gattie. 1992. Treating soil solution samplers to prevent microbial removal of analytes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1‑5.

17. Armstrong, A., R. Hodson, and D. L. Lewis. 1991. Environmental factors affecting toluene degradation in ground water at a hazardous waste site. Environ. Tox. Chem. 10: 147‑158.

18. Lewis, D.L. and D.K. Gattie. 1991. Predicting chemical concentration effects on transformation rates of dissolved organics by complex microbial assemblages. Ecological Modelling. 55:27‑46.

19. Lewis, D.L. and D.K. Gattie. 1991. Ecology of quiescent microbes. ASM News.(feature article) 57:27‑32.

20. Lewis, D.L. and D.K. Gattie. 1990. Effects of cellular aggregation on the ecology of microorganisms. ASM News (feature article). 56:263‑268.

21. Newton, T.D., D. K. Gattie, and D.L. Lewis. 1990. Initial test of the benchmark chemical approach for predicting microbial transformation rates in aquatic environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 288‑291.

22. Lewis, D.L. , J. D. Pope, Jr., D.K. Gattie, and W.A. Said. 1989. Laboratory procedure for determining substrate removal rate coefficients for biofilms. J. Microbiol. Meth. 10: 103‑111.

23. Lewis, D.L. and W.A. Said. 1989. Special Applications of insect gut microflora in kinetic studies of microbial substrate removal rates. Environ. Tox. Chem. 8: 563‑567.

24. Hodson, R.E., M. Moran, D.L. Lewis, R. Murray, J. Teska, and R. Benner. 1989. Microbial biogeochemical processes in a naturally acidic wetland, the Okefenokee Swamp. In: Acid stress and aquatic microbial interactions. Salem S. Rao, ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.

25. Benner, R., D.L. Lewis, and R. E. Hodson. 1989. Biogeochemical cycling of Organic Matter in Acidic Environments: Are microbial degradative processes adapted to low pH? In: Acid stress and aquatic microbial interactions. Salem S. Rao, ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.

26. Hwang, H.‑M., R.E. Hodson, and D.L. Lewis. 1988. Microbial degradation kinetics of toxic organic chemicals over a wide range of concentrations in natural aquatic systems. Environ. Tox. Chem. 8:65‑74.

27. Hwang, H.‑M., R.E. Hodson, and D.L. Lewis. 1988. Assessing interactions of organic compounds during biodegradation of complex waste mixtures by naturally occurring bacterial assemblages. Environ. Tox. Chem. 8: 209‑214.

28. Lewis, D.L., R.E. Hodson, and H.‑M. Hwang. 1988. Kinetics of mixed microbial assemblages enhance removal of highly dilute organic substrates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 2054‑2057.

29. Lewis, D. L., and D.K. Gattie. 1988. Prediction of substrate removal rates of attached microorganisms and of relative contributions of attached and suspended communities at field sites. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:434‑440.

30. Gantzer, C. J. III, H.P. Kollig, B.E. Rittmann, and D.L. Lewis. 1988. Predicting the rate of trace‑organic compound removal by natural biofilms. Water Res. 22(2) : 191‑200.

31. Lewis, D.L., and J.A. Hamala. 1987. Use of amphotericin B for differentiating eucaryotic from procaryotic activity in mixed microbial samples. J. Microbiol. Meth. 5:257‑264.

32. Lewis, D.L., H.P. Kollig, and R.E. Hodson. 1986. Nutrient limitation and adaptation of microbial populations to chemical transformations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:598‑603.

33. Lewis, D.L., L.F. Freeman III, and M.E. Watwood. 1986. Seasonal effects on microbial transformation rates of a herbicide in a freshwater stream: application of laboratory data to a field station. Environ. Tox. Chem. 5:791‑796.

34. Michaels, G.B., and D.L. Lewis. 1986. Microbial transformation rates of azo triphenylmethane dyes. Environ. Tox. Chem. 5:161‑166.

35. Lewis, D.L., R.E. Hodson, and L.F. Freeman III. 1985. Multiphasic kinetics for transformation of methyl parathion by Flavobacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:533‑557.

36. Lewis, D.L., R. Kellogg, and H. Holm. 1985. Comparison of microbial transformation rate coefficients of xenobiotic chemicals between field‑collected and laboratory microcosm microbiota. In: Validation and Predictability of Laboratory methods for assessing the Fate and Effects of contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems. ASTM Special Technical Pub. 865, T.P. Boyle, ed. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia. Pp. 3‑13.

37. Michaels, G.B., and D.L Lewis. 1985. Sorption and toxicity of azo and trimethylmethane dyes to aquatic microbial populations. Environ. Tox. Chem. 4:45‑50.

38. Lewis, D.L., R.E. Hodson, and L.F. Freeman III. 1984. The effects of microbial community interactions on transformation rates of xenobiotic chemicals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:561‑565.

39. Lewis, D.L., R.E. Hodson, and H.W. Holm. 1984. Application of single‑ and multiphasic kinetics to predictive modelling for aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Tox. Chem. 3:563‑573.

40. Lewis, D.L., H.W. Holm, H.P. Kollig, and T.L. Hall. 1984. Transport and fate of diethyl phthalate in aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Tox. Chem. 3:233‑231.

41. Lewis, D. L. 1983. Use of second‑order model for biodegradation kinetics. Proceedings of U.S. EPA Workshop on Biodegradation Kinetics. Gulfbreeze, FL.

42. Lewis, D.L., H.P. Kollig, and T.L. Hall. 1983. Predicting 2,4‑dichlorophenoxyacetic acid transformation rates in periphyton‑dominated ecosystems. Environ. Tox. Chem. 3: 223‑231.

43. Lewis, D.L., and H.W. Holm. 1981. Rates of transformation of methyl parathion and diethyl phthalate by aufwuchs microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42: 698‑703.

44. Lewis, D.L. 1980. Environmental and health aspects of termite control chemicals. Sociobiol. 5:698‑703.

45. Lewis, D.L., G.E. Michaels, D.B. Hays, N. Campbell, and V. Smith. 1978. Evaluation of the anti‑termitic activity of hydroxyquinoline and naphthol derivative formulations using Reticulitermes in laboratory and field tests. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 818‑821.

46. Paris, D.F., D.L. Lewis, and J. Barnett, Jr. 1976. Bioconcentration of toxaphene. Bul. Environ. Contam. Tox. 17: 564‑572.

47. Michaels, G.E., N. L. Wolfe, and D.L. Lewis. 1976. Fermentation inhibition by 2, 6‑dichloro‑4‑nitroaniline (DCNA) J. Agr. Food Chem. 25: 419‑420.

48. Paris, D.F. and D.L. Lewis. 1976. Accumulation of methoxychlor by microorganisms isolated from aquatic systems. Bul. Environ. Contam. Tox. 15: 24‑32.

49. Paris, D.F., D.L. Lewis, J. Barnett, Jr. and G.L. Baughman. 1975. Microbial degradation and accumulation of pesticides in aquatic systems. EPA‑660/3‑75‑007.

50. Paris, D.F., D.L. Lewis, and N. L. Wolfe. 1975. Rates of degradation of malathion by bacteria isolated from aquatic system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9:135‑138.

51. Lewis, D.L., D.F. Paris, and G. L. Baughman. 1975. Transformation of malathion by a fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, isolated from a freshwater pond. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13(5): 596‑601.

52. Lewis, D.L., and D. F. Paris. 1974. Direct determination of carbaryl by gas‑liquid chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22(1): 148‑149.

53. Paris, D.F. and D.L. Lewis. 1973. Chemical and microbial degradation of ten selected pesticides in aquatic systems. Res. Rev. 45: 95‑124.

Patent

Lewis, D.L., and G.E. Michaels. 1993. Dolomitic activated carbon filter. U.S. Patent 5,198,114.