This "Glossary of Medical Terminology & Modern Usage" is not presented as a complete medical resource.

This was composed of terms which I learned through my own experience in a hospital, my experience training as a physiologist, or terms about which someone has questioned me at some point in my time as webmaster.  

If your want to correct or add any terms, please contact: ThreePeb@aol.com

Click on any Alphabet below to "Quick Locate" the word you are searching:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Acetaminophen - a nonsalicylate analgesic-antipyretic, is used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Unlike aspirin, it does not relieve the redness, stiffness, or swelling caused by rheumatoid arthritis. However, it may relieve the pain caused by mild forms of arthritis. This medicine is available without a prescription. Acetaminophen is available in the following dosage forms: Oral and Suppositories.  Other commonly used names are APAP, Tylenol and paracetamol.
ABG - arterial blood gas reading
ACE - angiotension-converting enzyme
acetylcholine - a neurotransmitter released at autonomic synapses and neuromuscular junctions and formed enzymatically in the tissues from choline (choline is a base that occurs as a component of phospholipids especially in animals, is a precursor of acetylcholine, and is essential to liver function).
ACLS - advanced cardiac life support; includes electricity (defibrillator) and drugs for life threatening arrhythmias
acidotic - abnormally high acidity of body fluids and tissues
acute - sudden, intense flare-up
Acute Episode - the period of time when an injury or condition is at its worst, usually right after the injury or flare-up has occurred
Adenosine - a drug used to help a patient with Supraventricular tachycardia convert to normal sinus rhythm
agonal - a word used to describe a major negative change in a patient's condition, usually preceding immediate death, such as a complete cessation of breathing or a dire change in the patient's EEG or EKG
AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome which is caused by the human immonodeficiency virus (HIV)
albuterol - a bronchodilator used on asthma patients and patients having bronchial spasms to dilate the bronchia and improve breathing
allergens - airborne irritants that trigger the release of histamine, a body chemical.
ALOC - abbreviation for Acute Loss of Consciousness
Alprazolam - Antianxiety; Sedative-Hypnotic; Anti-panic Agent, known also as Xanax.
Altered Immune Response - a reaction or change of the immune system as a result of an allergen or irritant
Alzheimer's disease - a progressive disease with specific brain abnormalities marked by memory loss and progressive inability to function normally at even the simplest tasks
AMA - American Medical Association
ambu-bag - handheld squeeze bag attached to a face mask. see also bagging
amine - any of a class of organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacement of hydrogen with one or more alkyl groups
Amitriptyline - a tricyclic antidepressant
Amoxicillin - an antibiotic
amp - abbreviation for Ampule, which is a sealed plastic or glass capsule containing a single dose of a drug in a sterile solution for injection.
anaphylactic shock - an extreme allergic reaction that usually involves heart failure, circulatory collapse, a severe asthma-like difficulty in breathing and sometimes results in death.
Ancef - a cephalosporin antibiotic
anemia - condition involving the deficiency of the oxygen carrying red blood cells; also, chronically low hematocrit
anesthesia - chemical substance given to a patient to produce loss of sensation, with or without unconsciousness
aneurysm - a balloon-like swelling in the wall of an artery
angina pectoris - a severe acute attack of cardiac pain
angioplasty - plastic surgery of blood vessels during which a balloon is passed into the artery and inflated to enlarge it and increase blood flow
anhidrosis - the abnormal absence of sweat
anterior - word used to describe the front surface of an organ, muscle, etc.
antibiotics - prescription drugs that kill bacteria
antibodies - protein produced by white blood cells which neutralize or destroy foreign proteins in the body (antigens). When infected with virus or bacteria, the body produces antibodies which destroy the invading microorganisms.
Antivert - a drug prescribed for nausea and dizziness
antihistamine - type of drug used to offset the effects of histamine.
aortic calcification - hardening of the aorta, the main artery coming out of the left ventricle of the heart, usually from cholesterol deposits or some other organic substance
aortic coarctation - a dangerous narrowing of the aorta
aortic dissection - a tear in the aorta
aortic rupture - when the aorta bursts
arterial stick - insertion of an IV line into an artery
arrhythmia - when the beat of the heart is no longer originating from the sinus node, and the rhythm is abnormal
ASA - the abbreviation for acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
astrocytoma - a slowly growing tumor of the glial tissue of the brain and the spinal cord
asystole - a condition in which the heart no longer beats and usually cannot be restarted
Atenolol - A Beta Blocker, used to treat high blood pressure and to relieve angina pain.  Is not always recommended for use with Pheochromocytoma patients, have your doctor check a PDR for contraindications. Most doctor recommend a gradual weaning off of the Atenolol if it is being used, along with a mild dose of Hytrin (Alpha Blocker). The Hytrin dosage is gradually increased once the patient is completely off Atenolol.
Ativan - a minor tranquilizer drug (Lorazepam) used for anxiety, tension, agitation, or fatigue
Atropine - a drug to increase the heart rate
atypical angina - a form of angina pectoris that does not manifest the typical angina symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, etc, but which comes on suddenly and occurs without a predisposing cause
AZT - an antiviral drug (Zidovudine) prescribed for the treatment of AIDS

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B

Babinski's reflex - also known as the plantar reflex; the movement of the big toe upward instead of downward; used to test injury to, or diseases of, the upper motor neurons
Bactrim - the trade name for cotrimoxazole and sulfamethoxizole, an antibacterial agent particularly useful for urinary infections
bagging - manual respiration for a patient having breathing trouble that uses a handheld squeeze bag attached to a face mask
Barlow's syndrome - infantile scurvy
BENZODIAZEPINES - any of a group of aromatic lipophilic amines (as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide) used esp. as tranquilizers. Klonopin and Xanax are types. For detailed information click here: BENZODIAZEPINES
Beta-Blocker - a medicine prescribed to treat heart disorders and high blood pressure, this group of drugs is also known as Beta-adrenergic blocking agents. An agent that influences the transmission of signals at Beta-receptors, which are part of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. At Beta-receptors, adrenalin provides the transmission of signals from the nerve fibers to the organs to which they are attached. A Beta-Blocking agent prevents this stimulation and reduces the oxygen needs of the heart, and is therefore prescribed in conditions such as angina pectoris.
Betadine - trade name for povidone-iodine, a preparation used as a surgical scrub that is available in liquid and aerosol forms
bilateral hemothorax - blood in both sides of the pleura, the membrane covering the lung
blood culture - incubating a blood sample so that suspected infectious bacteria can multiply and thus be identified
blood gas - a test to determine the gas-phase components of blood, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH balance, etc.
blood pressure - a measure of how well blood circulates through your arteries, listen in the format of the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. Normal blood pressure is about 120/80
blood swab - a blood sample taken with a cotton-tipped stick
BLS - abbreviation for basic life support; includes CPR and removal of foreign body airway obstruction
bolus - a large dose of a drug that is given (usually intravenously) at the beginning of treatment to raise blood-level concentrations to a therapeutic level
bowel disimpaction - manual removal of impacted fecal matter from a patient's rectum
BP - abbreviation for blood pressure
bradycardic - a slowing of the heart rate to less than 50 beats per minute
breath sounds - the sounds heard through a stethoscope placed on the chest over the lungs
bronchoscopy - the use of an endoscope to examine and take biopsies from the interior of the bronchia
BUN - abbreviation for blood urea nitrogen (see Chem 7 for more information)

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C

c-spine - shorthand for cervical spine, or the neck
calcitonin - <protein> A polypeptide hormone produced by C cells of the thyroid that causes a reduction of calcium ions in the blood, so it tends to lower the calcium in the blood plasma.
calcitonin gene-related peptide - <protein> Neuropeptide of 37 amino acids with structural homology to salmon calcitonin. Co-localises with substane P in neurons. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator. Intracerebral administration leads to a rise in noradrenergic sympathetic outflow, a rise in blood pressure and a fall in gastric secretion.
calcium oxalate stone - a kidney stone
Calot's triangle - the cystic duct, the common duct, and the liver
calyx - a cup-shaped part of the kidneys
capillary refill - when a fingernail is pressed, the nail bed turns white. Capillary refill refers to the return of the nail bed to pink color. Good cap refill is two seconds or less.
Capoten - see Captopril - an antihypertensive and ACE inhibitor prescribed for high blood failure and congestive heart failure. It is also sold under the trade name Capoten (Captopril is the drug's generic name)
carboxyhemoglobin - a substance formed when the poisonous gas carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the blood. Carboxyhemoglobin is incapable of transporting oxygen to the body's organs. Large amounts of this compound are found in carbon monoxide poisoning
cardiac effusion - see pericardial effusion
cardiac enzymes - creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate transaminase
cardiomyopathy - a disorder of the heart muscle that can often be fatal
cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart from fluid such as an effusion or blood
CAT scan - Computerized Axial Tomography, is a sophisticated X-ray machine combined with a computer to create a detailed picture of the body's tissues and structures
catcher's mask - a device used for a patient with bleeding varices in the throat that allows a tube with two balloons attached to be positioned securely in the throat and inflated. The balloons then put pressure on the enlarged veins in order to stop the bleeding
Catecholamine - any of various amines (as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) that function as hormones or neurotransmitters or both. Catecholamine production is regulated by three factors on a cellular level.
CBC - abbreviation for complete blood count, which is an all-purpose blood test; combining diagnostic evaluations of red blood cell count, white cell count, erythrocyte indices, hematocrit, and a differential blood count
cc - abbreviation for cubic centimeters
cecum - a pouch at the junction of the large and small intestine. The lower end bears the vermiform appendix.
Ceftriaxone - a cephalosporin antibiotic
cellulitis - a skin infection
central line - the central location in the circulation of the vein used, usually in the internal jugular and subclavian veins in the neck, or the femoral veins in the groin. This has the benefit of being able to send more fluid into the body
Cephalosporin - an antibiotic
Chem 7 - a battery of blood chemistry tests; the seven parts of a Chem 7; sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glucose
chemotherapy  - the use of drugs to treat cancers, but the drugs sometimes impair normal tissues as well
chest film - a chest X-ray
CHF - abbreviation for congestive heart failure, see pulmonary edema
Chlamydia - A group of bacterial micro-organisms that causes various infectious diseases in humans. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U.S.A.  It can be treated with antibiotics.
chromaffin - cells of the adrenal medulla 
chromosomes - found in the nuclei of cells, chromosomes contain genetic information which determine the hereditary characteristics of offspring
claudication - limping caused by impaired blood supply to the legs
coag panel - a blood test used to determine the clotting factors of a patient's blood
Compazine - a drug (Prochlorperazine) prescribed for severe nausea and vomiting and also for treatment of psychotic disorders and anxiety
Conn Syndrome - is characterized by an increased level of the hormone aldosterone in the blood causing increased sodium levels in the blood. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of the salt and water balance of the body. An increase in blood volume (hypervolemia), and a low potassium level (hypokalemic alkalosis) also occur. This disorder is characterized by periods of weakness, unusual sensations such as tingling and warmness, a transient paralysis, and muscle cramps. An increase in blood pressure (hypertension), excessive urination (polyuria), and excessive thirst (polydipsia) can also occur. It is possible that "Conn Syndrome" may not be the name that your doctor uses. Your physician may have given you another name for this disease. These are synonyms listed which are other names for this specific disorder: "Aldosteronism, Primary" or Hyperaldosteronism: a condition that is characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone and typically by loss of body potassium, muscular weakness, and elevated blood pressure.
cordotomy - surgical severing of the nerves in the spinal cord to relieve intractable pain in the pelvis and lower limbs
cricothyroidotomy - a procedure used to surgically establish an airway in the patient's throat when intubation isn't possibly because of swelling or bleeding
cricothyrotomy - see cricothyroidotomy
crit - short for hematocrit
CPK - creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme that elevates in the blood when a heart attack occurs, used as a confirmation of a heart attack and as a gauge of damage
CT scan - See CAT scan
CVA - abbreviation for cerebrovascular accident, i.e. stroke
cyanotic - when a patient's skin and mucous membranes are bluish in color from an inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood
cystic fibrosis - a lung disease that causes the production of thick mucus in the lungs, hampering breathing

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D

D5 - the abbreviation for dextrose (glucose) given in a 5 percent normal saline solution
Darvocet - a drug (propoxyphene hydrochloride) prescribed for pain, also called Darvon
DB - Emergency Room abbreviation for a dead body
decerebration - the progressive loss of cerebral function; advanced decerebration (and the resultant deep unconsciousness) occurs with severe damage to the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain
deep vein thrombosis - a blood clot in a deep vein
defibrillation - the cessation of fibrillation of the cardiac muscle and restoration of a normal rhythm
delusional - having an irrational belief that cannot be changed by a rational argument, often found in schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis
Demerol - trade name for Meperidine, a synthetic analgesic often used as a substitute for Morphine
Demser - also called Metyrosine (me-TYE-roe-seen), belongs to the general class of medicines called antihypertensives. It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) caused by a disease called pheochromocytoma. Metyrosine reduces the amount of certain chemicals in the body. When these chemicals are present in large amounts, they cause high blood pressure.
diabetes - A condition where the pancreas produces insufficient or no insulin, a hormone which controls sugar levels in the blood. Without insulin, the blood cannot absorb sugar into cells for energy and into liver and fat cells for storage.
diabetic ketoacidosis - depletion of the body's alkali reserves due to diabetes, causing a major disruption in the body's acid-base balance. The breath smells fruity and the patient is usually comatose.
diagnosis - determining what's wrong with a patient by using the patient's symptoms, signs, test results, medical background, and other factors
dialysis - the procedure to filter blood for patients with kidney failure, also used to remove absorbed toxins from overdosing and poisoning
diaphoresis - sweating
diastolic - pressure during the relaxing of the heart
DIC - abbreviation for disseminated intravascular coagulation (no blood clotting).
differential diagnosis - diagnosis made by ruling out many disorders. The patient usually presents with symptoms that can be shared by many conditions. For example, chest pain can be caused by many diseases or conditions, and each one must be ruled out to arrive at the correct diagnosis
Digitalis - a drug prescribed for congestive heart failure
Dilantin - an anticonvulsant drug used to prevent seizures
diplopia - double vision
disaster protocol color coding - the following color tags are used to immediately triage patients during a mass casualty event:  Green is walking wounded; Yellow is urgent; Red is critical; Black is DOA
distal pulse - the pulse farthest from the heart
diuresis - the increased production of urine
diuretic - common name to describe a drug used to increased diuresis, ie Lasix
diverticulitis - inflammation of the colon
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid: any of various nucleic acids that are usu. the molecular basis of heredity, are localized especially in cell nuclei, and are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate
DNR - the abbreviation for do not resuscitate, which is requested or ordered for terminally ill patients
DOA - abbreviation for dead on arrival
Dopamine - a catecholamine neurotransmitter, similar to adrenaline. It is used during surgery to increase cardiac output and renal blood flow
DTP - a diphtheria tetanus pertussis toxoid injection
dyspnea - shortness of breath
dystocia - difficult labor due to some fetal problem, such as dislocation of the shoulders

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E

ECG - electrocardiogram. measures heart activity
EEG - electroencephalogram. measures brain activity
EKG - see ECG
eclampsia - a serious condition affecting pregnant women in which the entire body is affected by convulsions and the patient eventually passes into a coma
ectopic pregnancy - the development of the fetus in the fallopian tube instead of in the womb
edema - excessive accumulation of fluid
Elavil - trade name for Amitriptyline, used to treat some forms of depression
electrolyte analysis - tests the basic chemicals in the body; sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate
embolectomy - surgical removal of an embolus
embolus - a blood clot
EMS - abbreviation for emergency medical services. The term EMS is used in the American Heart Association protocols for BLS and ACLS
EMT - abbreviation for emergency medical technician
endocarditis - inflammation of cardiac tissue, usually caused by bacterial infection
endocrine - of or relating to endocrine glands or the hormones secreted by them
endocrine gland - Any of various glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary, having hormonal secretions that pass directly into the bloodstream. Also called ductless gland.
endocrinology - the study of the glands and hormones of the body and their related disorders
Endorphin - Any of a group of peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors and are found mainly in the brain. Endorphins reduce the sensation of pain and affect emotions.
endoscope - a long flexible tube with its own special lighting
epi - short name for adrenaline (epinephrine), used to make heart beat faster and raise blood pressure
epidermis - the outer layer of the skin
epidural - an epidural block; an injection through a catheter of a local anesthetic to relieve pain during labor, usually done at the lumbar level of the spine
epiglottitis - inflammation of the epiglottis
epinephrine - adrenaline, a colorless crystalline feebly basic sympathomimetic hormone that is the principal blood-pressure raising hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and is used medicinally especially as a heart stimulant, a vasoconstrictor in controlling hemorrhages of the skin, and a muscle relaxant in bronchial asthma
Esmolol - a beta-blocking drug
esophagus - the tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach
ETA - abbreviation for Estimated Time of Arrival

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F

Fasting Plasma Glucose - a test for sugar levels obtained from blood samples taken after an overnight fast
Feldene - a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Piroxicam) prescribed for arthritis and other forms of joint and bone inflammation
Fentanyl - a short-acting Morphine like narcotic analgesic of high potency, often used in conjunction with other drugs. Fentanyl can enhance the effect of certain narcotics (including Morphine)
fetal distress - a term used to describe a number of critical conditions threatening the live delivery of a fetus
FHT - abbreviation for fetal heart tones
fibrillation - an uncoordinated, quivering of the heart muscle resulting in a completely irregular pulse
first-degree burn - a burn affecting only the epidermis. The color of the burn is red, capillary refill is present, the skin texture is normal, and the burn heals in five to ten days with no scarring
Flexeril - a potent muscle relaxant
Fluconazole - an antifungal drug used for infections of the mouth, blood, and throat. Fluconazole is often used by AIDS patients to combat oral thrush and other infections
fluoroscope - an X-ray machine
Focused H and P - a history and physical examination. H and P is the term used to describe an examination that results in a patient history and makes an assessment of his or her condition. The patient is physically examined and then talked to regarding his or her complaint and the doctor then makes a probably diagnosis. Focused means do not examine a patient's feet or do a rectal if they're complaining of a headache and double vision
foley - a foley (indwelling) catheter. This is a thin flexible tube inserted into the urethra in order to drain the bladder

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G

gastric lavage - irrigation of the stomach when poisoning or bleeding is suspected, or to remove ingested toxins before they enter the blood stream
GCS - see Glasgow coma scale
Gentamicin - an antibiotic
GI cocktail - a commonly used mixture of liquid donnatal (which stops gastrointestinal spasms), viscous lidocaine and mylanta (which counteracts the stomach acid and soothes the stomach). This concoction is often given to patients presenting with severe heartburn, signs of an ulcer, or indications of an excess production of stomach acid
giardiasis - intestinal infection with the giardia bacteria
glands - Glands are groups of cells. "Glands" generally refer to secreting glands and lymph nodes. Secreting glands manufacture and release chemical substances such as hormones and enzymes. Lymph nodes play an important part in fighting infections.
Glasgow coma scale - this scale is used to quickly determine the status and degree of injury of a trauma victim to the head
golden hour - also known as the golden window. When treating a patient who has had a myocardial infarction, emergency personnel must be extremely careful during the first hour. The ventricles are very sensitive during this period and life threatening arrythmias can occur (I have heard this being said during a hospital visit)
Gonorrhea - A contagious bacterial infection spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral or anal sex. Also called "the clap," it is one of the most commonly infectious diseases in the world. It is treated with antibiotics.
Gram's stain - a stain test that identifies various forms of bacterial microorganisms
granuloma - a tumor
GSW - abbreviation for gunshot wound
guiac - a test of stool with a gloved finger inserted looking for blood (One of those terms you hear while waiting your turn in line for a medical test, and you decide that it's more about guiac than you really want to know)

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H

H and P - see also Focused H and P, history and physical: the initial evaluation and examination of a patient
Haldol - a drug (Haloperidol) used for psychotic disorders, Tourette's syndrome, and hyperactivity in children
heart/lung bypass - using a machine to breathe and circulate blood for a patient for any number of clinical or surgical reasons, like to also used to rewarm the blood of severely hypothermic patient
Heart Murmur - Heard through a physician's stethoscope, it is the sound of turbulent blood passing through the heart. Heart murmurs are possible indications of abnormal blood flow and may be caused by a disorder of a heart valve (structure which opens to allow blood to flow away from the heart, and closes to prevent back flow into the heart). Many murmers are considered benign.
Heimlich maneuver - a first-aid measure used to dislodge something caught in a person's throat that is obstructing breathing
hematochezia - maroon stools, usually from a lower GI bleed
hematocrit - the proportion, by volume, of red blood cells in a CBC
hemiparesis - paralysis or weakness on one side of the body
hemorrhage - the dramatic and sudden loss of blood
hemoperfusion - dialysis of the blood to remove foreign substances such as poisons or drugs
hemopneumothorax - blood and air in the pleura. Also often referred to as a collapsed lung
heparin - a blood anticoagulant
hepatolenticular degeneration - excessive accumulation of copper in the kidney, liver, and brain, which if untreated, is invariably fatal
histamine - A chemical present in cells throughout the body that is released during an allergic reaction.
holosystolic murmur - a heart murmur that begins with the heart sound S1 and occupying all of the systole, then reaching S2. S1 and S2 refer to heart sounds noted during palpation
Horner's syndrome - the term used to describe the clinical profile of myosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis, which usually follows paralysis of the cervical sympathetic nerves on one side of the body
Hydralazine - a synthetic compound that lowers blood pressure
Hydrocodone - <chemical> narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent depending on its weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. Pharmacological action: analgesics, opioid, antitussive agents, narcotics. Chemical name: Morphinan-6-one, 4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-, (5alpha)- .
hyperaldosteronism - overproduction of the adrenal hormone aldosterone, causing abnormalities in the sodium, water, and potassium levels in the body
hypercalcemia - an abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood
hyperglycemia - high values of glucose in the blood
hyperlipidemia - excessive fat in the blood
hypoglycemia - low values of glucose in the blood
hypohemia - a lack of blood in the body
hypoplasia of the thymus and parathyroids - Also known as the Digeorge Syndrome (dgs), this disorder is characterised by (1) low blood calcium levels (hypocalcaemia) due to underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the parathyroid glands needed to control calcium; (2) underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the thymus, an organ behind the breastbone in which lymphocytes mature and multiply; and (3) defects of the outflow tracts from the heart. most cases of dgs are due to a microdeletion in chromosome band 22q11.2. A small number of cases have defects in other chromosomes, notably 10p13. named after the American paediatric endocrinologist Angelo Digeorge. Another name for dgs is the third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome (since the faulty structures in dgs are embryologically derived from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches).
hypotension - abnormally low blood pressure
hypothermia - when the body temperature reaches significantly below normal body temperatures (usually below 95 degrees)
hypothyroidism - subnormal activity of the thyroid gland
hypovolemia - a decrease in the volume of circulating blood; also referred to as being in shock
hypoxia - a severe deficiency of oxygen in the blood and tissues
Hytrin - an alpha-blocker, given to patients in place of beta-blockers (for instance, in the case of pheochromocytoma)

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I

ileectomy - surgical removal of the small intestine
IM - abbreviation for intramuscular (pertaining to injections)
infarction - an area of tissue dead due to a local lack of oxygen
infiltrate - an abnormal substance (eg. a cancer cell) in a tissue or organ
intracerebral - inside the brain
intubation - insertion of an endotracheal tube to help an unconscious patient breathe
irritable bowel syndrome - a chronic and unpleasant gastrointestinal condition marked by abdominal cramping, and diarrhea or constipation
ischemia - when the heart is starving for oxygen
Isordil - an antianginal agent
IV - abbreviation for intravenous, meaning through the vein
IV push - injecting medication rapidly into a vein to hit the blood system all at once

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J

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K

Klonopin - Category of Use: Anti-convulsant; Anti-panic Agent
KCl - (pronouced kay se-el) a potassium supplement, used to replace lost potassium in patients
KUB - shorthand for kidney, ureter, and bladder tests

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L

lac - abbreviation for laceration (pronounced "lack")
laparotomy - any surgery involving an incision in the abdominal wall
laryngoscope - an instrument for examining the larynx, also to properly visualize the vocal cords for an endotracheal intubation
larynx - the "voice box"
Lasix - a drug for diuresis, gets its name in that it usually lasts six hours
Lidocaine - a local anesthetic, also used to reduce cardiac muscle automaticity, given intravenously
Lithium - a drug commonly used to treat manic-depressive illness
Lithotripsy - breaking up the renal calculi (kidney stones) with sound waves so they can be passed in the urine
lumbar puncture - the withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid through a hollow needle inserted into the lumbar region between the L4 and L5 vertebrae. Also referred to as a spinal tap
lytes - abbreviation for an electrolyte analysis (pronounced "lights")

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M

Macrodantin - an anti-infective antibiotic used to prevent and treat urinary tract infections
macrosomic - fetal weight of more than 4,000 grams
magnesium sulfate - epsom salts, a fast-acting laxative
Mannitol - a natural sugar that acts as a diuretic, used in cases of drug overdoses and cerebral swelling
Marfan's syndrome - a hereditary disorder of connective tissue that is characterized by abnormal elongation of the bones and often by ocular and circulatory defects, also called also Marfan syndrome
meds - short for medications, or drugs
Medullary Adrenal Hyperplasia - a type of Pheochromocytoma, or an adrenal disorder
melena - when a person is bleeding from an ulcer, consisting of black tarry stools indicative of upper GI bleeds
MEN - a condition called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, People with MEN often have other cancers, such as Thyroid cancer, and other hormonal problems. Often a condition called Hyperparathyroidism exists. Pheochromocytoma can be a part of the condition. The condition was once called MEA (Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis), or Sipple's Syndrome. Dr. John Sipple Sr. theorized that the condition was inherited, and therefore several researchers named the illness after him. See more information at MEN 2A and MEN 2B.
MEN 2A and MEN 2B: The most well-known form of familial thyroid cancer is hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This neoplasm is often associated with pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism, a combination known as the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2A (MEN 2A). The rare association of MTC and pheochromocytoma with multiple mucosal neuromas is called multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2B (MEN 2B). Of those who present with clinical signs and symptoms, almost half die of the disease and others may suffer significant morbidity. By contrast, early diagnosis by screening of family members allows for treatment with thyroidectomy and/or adrenalectomy, which are often curative. Measurement of serum calcitonin before and after stimulation with pentagastrin and/or calcium is mandatory for the diagnosis of MTC. Testing of first-degree relatives of patients with MTC should be started by the age of 3 to 5 years. In families with the MEN 2B syndrome, screening should be started during the first year after birth and include a search for the characteristic phenotype. The mapping of the MEN 2A gene to the centromeric region of chromosome 10 has provided an alternative approach to the diagnosis of MEN 2A gene carriers. Genetic screening using linked markers can now be done with an accuracy of 95% in informative families. Surgery is the treatment of choice for cases of MEN 2, but the extent of surgical resection of the involved endocrine organs is still a subject of debate. In adrenomedullary disease, some centers recommend bilateral total adrenalectomy in all patients with pheochromocytoma, others have reported good results with a more conservative surgical approach (i.e., removal of one adrenal gland in the cases with a unilateral pheochromocytoma). Although there is agreement that total thyroidectomy is indicated in all MEN 2 patients, the extent and technique of regional lymph node dissection is still controversial. The recent introduction of a surgical approach using microsurgical techniques may lead to improvement of the results with respect to the postoperative normalization of calcitonin levels.
meningitis - an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Meperedine - the chemical name for the narcotic painkiller Demerol
metacarpal fracture - a fracture of one of the five bones that form that part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers
Metanephrine - <chemical> Alpha-(methylaminomethyl) vanillyl alcohol, product of epinephrine o-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine. Chemical name: Benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)-/
Methylprednisolone - an anti-inflammatory steroid
Metyrosine - (me-TYE-roe-seen) also called Demser, belongs to the general class of medicines called antihypertensives. It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) caused by a disease called pheochromocytoma. Metyrosine reduces the amount of certain chemicals in the body. When these chemicals are present in large amounts, they cause high blood pressure.
mg - abbreviation for milligrams
MI - abbreviation for myocardial infarction
MRI - abbreviation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Imaging by computer using a strong magnetic field and radio frequencies.
MVA - abbreviation used in Emergency Rooms for victims of a motor vehicle accident
myocardial infarction - a heart attack
myosis - excessive contraction of the pupil in the eye

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N

Narcan - Naloxone, a drug used to counteract drug overdoses
NDRF - National Dysautonomia Research Foundation
NIH - National Institutes of Health
necrotic - dead, as in "necrotic tissue"
needle cricothyroidotomy - see cricothyroidotomy
neoplasia - the formation of tumors, or a tumorous condition
neuroblastoma - a malignant tumor formed of embryonic ganglion cells
neurofibromatosis - a disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant and characterized especially by brown spots on the skin, neurofibromas of peripheral nerves, and deformities of subcutaneous tissue and bone
neurotransmitter - a substance (as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
NG tube - abbreviation for a nasogastric tube
nitro drip - an IV infusion of nitroglycerine
nitroglycerine - an anti-anginal agent
Norcuron - Vecuronium, a neuromuscular blocking agent used to paralyze for rapid-sequence intubation
NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders
norepinephrine - a catecholamine that is the chemical means of transmission across synapses in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and in some parts of the central nervous system, is a vasopressor (causing a rise in blood pressure by exerting a vasoconstrictor effect) hormone of the adrenal medulla, and is a precursor (one that precedes and indicates the approach of another) of epinephrine in its major biosynthetic pathway
normal sinus rhythm - a normal heart rate, which is between 60 and 80 beats per minute in an adult
nosocomial infections - opportunistic infections contracted while in the hospital, e.g., a urinary tract infection a patient develops from his foley catheter
NPO - abbreviation for nothing by mouth (from the Latin Nil peros)
NS - abbreviation for normal saline solution
NSAID - abbreviation for a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (e.g.  Motrin, Advil, etc.)

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O

O neg - type O, Rhesus negative blood; also called universal donor blood since any human can receive O negative blood without complication
orbital fracture - a fracture of the bony socket that holds the eyeball
osteosarcoma - bone cancer
osteoporosis - a depleted bone condition, usually worsens with age and certain illnesses
otitis media - an infection of the middle ear

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P

palp - this refers to blood pressure taken under emergency conditions when listening for the systolic and diastolic pressures with a stethoscope is impossible. Taken by feeling (palpation) the pulse
pancreatitis - chronic or acute inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatotomy - surgical removal of the pancreas
papilledema - edema of the optic disk, often indicative of increased intracranial pressure
paresis - partial or slight paralysis
paroxysmal - acute symptoms that are sudden and without any warning, and can be in unpredictable cycles; often, they can go away as suddenly as they started, making it difficult to diagnose with blood, urine, and other medical tests
path urine - urinalysis
Pavulon - trade name for the muscle relaxant pancuronium bromide. Pavulon produces complete paralysis, but with no alteration of consciousness
Paxil - Paroxetine is the generic name, an antidepressant medication. More information at BENZODIAZEPINES
PCP - Phencyclidine, a veterinary anesthetic that causes euphoria and hallucinations in humans
pedal - related to the foot
perfed appy - when an infected appendix bursts opens and spills into the gut
pericardial centesis - the draining of fluid from the pericardium
pericardial effusion - blood or fluid leaking into the pericardium
pericardium - the sac that envelops the heart
peritoneal lavage - irrigation of the peritoneum
peritoneum - a transparent membrane enclosing the abdominal cavity
PET scan - Positron Emission Tomography.  A scanning device which uses low-dose radioactive sugar to measure brain activity.  This is a limited-use diagnostic tool. It uses Positron Emissions to scan, usually used in pinpoint treatment of brain tumors. The scan provides a picture of brain activity rather than structure by measuring levels of an injected sugar called deoxyglucose that has been labeled with a radioactive tracer.  Therefore, it can use positron decay patterns to study metabolic reactions in body systems
phenolic - containing or derived from a phenol, which is any of various acidic compounds analogous to phenol and regarded as hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons
phentolamine - an adrenergic blocking agent C₁₇H₁₉N₃O that is used especially in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension due to pheochromocytoma (used in medicine to treat this illness)
Phenylketonuria - an inherited human metabolic disease that is characterized by inability to oxidize a metabolic product of phenylalanine (an essential amino acid that is converted in the normal body to tyrosine) and by severe mental deficiency. Also called PKU
Pheochromocytoma - A tumor that is derived from chromaffin cells, usually associated with paroxysmal or sustained hypertension;  A tumour of the adrenal gland which produces catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenaline).  Although the tumour is usually benign it produces hypertension, pounding headaches, tachycardia, palpitations, apprehension, facial flushing, nausea and vomiting.  Some diagnosis have been made using a urine test called a VMA, which measures the quantity of adrenaline byproducts, but some diagnosis are found by blood tests for Plasma Metanephrines. Adrenal tumours may be detected by CT, MRI or a nuclear scan of the adrenal glands. PET scans are now being used also, because they look at bodily activity rather than just structure.  A DNA test can be performed to determine if a Pheochromocytoma gene exists.
PID - abbreviation for pelvic inflammatory disease
pitocin - synthetic oxytocin, a pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and is often used to induce labor
Plasma metanephrines - are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors.  AU - Eisenhofer G; Keiser H; Friberg P; Mezey E; Huynh TT; Hiremagalur B; Ellingson T; Duddempudi S; Eijsbouts A; Lenders JW SO - J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(6):2175-85  AD - Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1424, USA. ge@box-g.nih.gov  This study examined whether the high sensitivity of plasma free metanephrines for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma may result from production of free metanephrines within tumors. Presence in pheochromocytomas of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), the enzyme responsible for conversion of catecholamines to metanephrines, was confirmed by Western blot analysis, enzyme assay, and immunohistoche- mistry. Western blot analysis and enzyme assay indicated that membrane-bound and not soluble COMT was the predominant form of the enzyme in pheochromocytoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed colocaliza- tion of COMT in the same chromaffin cells where catecholamines are translocated into storage vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter. Levels of free metanephrines in pheochromocytoma over 10,000 times higher than plasma concentrations in the same patients before removal of tumors indicated production of metanephrines within tumors. Comparisons of the production of metanephrines in patients with pheochromocytoma with production from catecholamines released or infused into the circulation indicated that more than 93% of the consistently elevated levels of circulating free metanephrines in patients with pheochromocytoma are derived from metabolism before and not after release of catecholamines into the circulation. The data indicate that the elevated plasma levels of free metanephrines in patients with pheochromocytoma are derived from catecholamines produced and metabolized within tumors. Some tumors do not secrete catecholamines, but all appear to metabolize catecholamines to free metanephrines, thus explaining the better sensitivity of plasma free metanephrines over other tests for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
platelets - components of blood designed to form clots and plug leaks from bleeding arteries and veins
pleura - the lining around the lung
PO₂ - the oxygen tension in arterial blood
PQRST - A mnemonic device used to quickly evaluate chest pain. P stands for "palliative and provoking": Does anything make the pain better or worse?; Q stands for "quality"; What, precisely does the pain feel like? Is it stabbing and knife-like or dull and throbbing?; R stands for "radiation": Does the pain radiate anywhere beyond the chest, such as into the arm or jaw?; S stands for "severity": On a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being almost no pain at all and 10 being the worst pain imaginable, what number does the pain rank?; T stands for "timing": What specifically, were you doing when the pain began and how long have you had it?
Prednisone - a glucocorticoid that is a dehydrogenated analogue of cortisone and is used as an anti-inflammatory agent esp. in the treatment of arthritis, as an antineoplastic agent, and as an immunosuppressant
preeclampsia - the physical condition of pregnant woman prior to eclampsia. Symptoms include blood pressure greater than 140/90; persistent proteinuria (protein in the urine); and edema
preemie - slang expression for a baby born before full term, usually defined as a child born weighing less than five and a half pounds
Procardia - a calcium channel blocker prescribed for Raynaud's phenomena and high blood pressure
Prolixin - a drug (fluphenazine hydrochloride) used for psychotic disorders, moderate to severe depression, control of agitation, intractable pain, senility, and alcohol withdrawal symptoms
proteinuria - the presence of excess protein in the urine
PT - prothrombine time, a clotting factor test for blood
PTT - partial prothrombine time, see PT
ptosis - drooping of the eyelid
pulmonary edema - fluid in the lungs
pulmonary embolism - a blood clot in the lungs
pulsatile - beating, as in a pulsatile mass
pulse - a pulsating artery that gives evidence that the heart is beating, usually about 70 times per minute
puls/ox - pulse oximetry, a measure of the saturation of hemoglobin by oxygen, or how well the person is breathing
pulsus paradoxus - a condition in which the pulse pressure declines during respiratory inspiration
PVCs - premature cardiac ventricular contractions
pyelogram - an X-ray of the kidneys using an intravenously inserted dye

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Q

q - every iteration, i.e. a med of Q5min would be every five minutes, or Q6h is every 6 hours

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R

rape kit - a package containing envelopes for the collection of hair, sperm, and blood samples of a rape victims, as well as the official reporting forms
rapid infuser - a device that transports blood into the system at a fast rate to help prevent hypohemia
Recklinghausen's fibromatosis (NvR) - Pheochromocytomas are also quite prevalent in NvR. However the combination of NvR, pheochromocytoma and somatostatin-rich neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum has only been reported a few times. An explanation for the high prevalence of neuroendocrine tumors in NvR might be the loss of neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor protein, which is the main product of the neurofibromatosis-l-gene.
reflux - moving backward in the esophagus
renogram - an X-ray of the kidneys
respirations - breaths; the act of inhaling and exhaling
retrocecal - behind the cecum
Rifampin - an antibiotic used to treat meningitis, tuberculosis, Legionnaire's disease, leprosy, and staph infections
Rifabutin - a drug used to help prevent mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with HIV infections
RNA - ribonucleic acid: any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities

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S

saline solution - a blood volume substitute made of salt and water, a temporary substitute for lost blood
Sarcoidosis - a chronic disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the formation of nodules especially in the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and skin
schizophrenia - a mental disorder marked by hallucinations, delusions, and disintegration of the thought processes
sed rate - erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a red blood count used to determine inflammation and tissue destruction
sepsis - a very severe infection
serotonin - a phenolic amine neurotransmitter that is a powerful vasoconstrictor and is found especially in the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucosa of mammals
serum amylase enzyme test - a test for pancreatitis
shock - a circulatory disturbance marked by a severe drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, clammy skin, pallor, and a rapid heart rate
solu-medrol - Methylprednisolone, a form of Prednisone, an adrenal corticosteroid, a powerful steroid
spinal tap - see lumbar puncture
spleen - a part of lymphatic system, helps filter blood of bacteria and impurities
splenectomy - surgical removal of the spleen
stasis - a slowing or stopping of blood flow
stat - from the Latin statinum, meaning immediately
STD - abbreviation for sexually transmitted disease
sternotomy - surgical opening of the breast bone
stomach pumping - a large tube called an Ewald is inserted into the stomach, sucks out the contents, then the stomach is flushed out with clear water then charcoal and a cathartic (a fluid that passes through the bowel quickly)
streptokinase - an enzyme that can break up and liquefy blood clots
stridor - what breathing sounds like when the larynx or trachea is obstructed
subdural - outside the brain
sublingual - a medication that is taken by dissolving under the tongue
Succinylcholine - a short-acting muscle relaxant
systolic - pressure during the contraction of the heart
systolic murmur - a cardiac murmur that occurs between the first and second heart sounds

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T

T3, T4, etc - Third thoracic vertebrae; fourth thoracic vertebrae, etc
tachycardia - an extremely rapid heart rate, usually signified by a pulse over 100 beats per minute
Tamoxifen - the chemotherapy drug of choice for postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer
Temazepam - a medicine used several hours before bedtime to induce sleep and inhibit nightmares. Also known as Restoril.
tension pneumothorax - a collapsed lung
tetralogy of Fallot - a surgically correctable congenital heart defect that consists of pulmonary stenoisis. hypertrophy (enlargement), of the right ventricle, a ventricular septal defect, and a shift of the aorta to the right
third-degree burn - a burn that damages (or destroys) the full thickness of the skin and the tissues underneath. The color of the burn is white, black, or brown; capillary refill is absent; the skin texture is leathery; and there is no spontaneous healing
thoracotomy - surgery on the thoracic (chest cavity)
Thorazine - a multipurpose drug (Chlorpromazine) that works as a sedative, an antiemetic, an antispasmodic, and a hypotensive. It is often used in the management of psychiatric and senile patients
thrill - a vibration that a doctor or nurse can feel by touch, often used to describe cardiac murmurs that can be felt through the chest wall
thrombosis - a blood clot
tib-fib fracture - fracture of the tibia & fibula in part of the leg below the knee
Timoptic - a drug prescribed for high blood pressure and to reduce the possibility of another heart attack
Toradol - Ketorolac, an injectable nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent often used as a substitute for Morphine in intoxicated patients or for those patients suspected of seeking narcotics
torsades de pointes - a type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in which the heart races at extremely high rates in an arrhythmia
tox screen - toxicological analysis of the blood, ordered when a drug overdose is suspected and the drugs need to be identified
tPA - the abbreviation for tissue plasminogen activator, a drug used as an alternative to angioplasty to break up blood clots during a heart attack
tracheal shift - a physical shift of the windpipe due to trauma
trauma center - an emergency room with a trauma surgeon on duty
Trazodone - a mild medicine taken a few hours before bedtime to induce restfulness and sleep.
triage - the system of prioritizing patients in an emergency situation in which there are a great number of injured or ill
tyrosine - is an amino acid precursor to epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, three important brain neurotransmitters involved in mood, mental function & energy drive.
tryptophan - a crystalline essential amino acid that is widely distributed in proteins, niacin is a product of tryptophan (an amino acid found in meats) and is a precursor to serotonin
type and crossmatch - blood typing to identify patient's blood type

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U

U/A - urinalysis, used to test for kidney failure, dehydration, diabetes, undernourishment, or bladder or kidney infection
ulcerative colitis - an inflammatory and ulcerative condition of the colon
ultrasound - a test similar to an x-ray, but which uses sound waves
unstable angina - angina pectoris in which the cardiac pain has changed in pattern
uric acid - an acid formed in the breakdown of nucleoproteins in tissues; often tested when gout is suspected since a high uric acid content in the blood often causes gout symptoms and the formation of stones
UTI - abbreviation for urinary tract infection

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V

V/Q scan - a ventilation-perfusion scan, used to confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
valsalva maneuver - when a patient is instructed to blow on his or her thumb to maximize intrathoracic pressure.. It is used when cardiac trouble is suspected
vasoconstrictor - an agent which causes vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the lumen (hollow tube part) of blood vessels, especially as a result of vasomotor action
vasomotor - of, relating to, or being nerves or centers controlling the size of blood vessels
vecuronium - see norcuron
venipuncture - the drawing of blood from a vein
ventricular septal rupture - rupture of the ventricular septum caused by mechanical failure of infarcted cardiac tissue
Verapamil - a calcium channel blocker prescribed for angina pectoris, high blood pressure, and supraventricular tachycardia
Versed - a benzodiazepine muscle relaxant used to sedate, often in conjunction with the paralyzing agent Pavulon
VHLFA - Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Family Alliance
vitamin H - Hospital Emergency Room shorthand for Haldol
V-fib - ventricular fibrillation
V-tach - ventricular tachycardia

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W

WBC - abbreviation for white blood cell count, used to determine how many white blood cells there are in the body to defend against bacteria
Whipple procedure - a pancreatotomy, where the distal stomach, gallbladder, and duodenum are usually also taken out during the surgery, and they usually leave a little of the distal pancreas behind.

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X

Xanax - Antianxiety; Sedative-Hypnotic; Anti-panic Agent, known also as Alprazolam. More information at
              BENZODIAZEPINES

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Y

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Z

Zoloft - Zoloft (sertraline hydrochloride) is an antidepressant for oral administration. It is chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other available antidepressant agents. (Further information about Zoloft.)

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Bibliography:
The Merck Manual, Microsoft Infopedia, UCSF Medical Library,
Pfizer Inc, The AMA Journal, and my own experiences.

Index of Pages