Last update: August 13, 1997
This document was created by Professor Cunnea and is maintained by Professor Small of the Academic Assistance Center at America Online for the convenience of students using that service and others using the Internet for their personal education. (Keyword AAC at AOL). It is not at all a complete list of Native American resources on the web, and the links in the "General" section usually have dozens of links themselves. If you're looking for a particular tribe, check "General" and "Tribe-Specific" and "Images" to be sure you've covered all the possibilities. Anyone with ideas about how to organize this material better should write to Professor Small! Use these links to skip down this page:
SACRED SITE FILES: Greco-Roman, Islamic, Native American
Links to pages on holy sites of ancient and modern peoples.
Native American Archaeology Resources on the Internet
Excellent source for petroglyphs ("rock art"), Caddo, Maya, Chumash, Toltec, many others. Includes archeoastronomy.
West Virginia Archaeology Homepage
Anthropology and Archaeology WWW Sites
Links list maintained by Clemson University
Archaeology - ArchNet - WWW Virtual Library - Archaeology
Maintained by University of Connecticut, links by subject, region, museums, publishers, news, and a search feature!
SAAweb - Society for American Archaeology
National Archeological Database by University of Arkansas
Early American Migration and Settlement
Letter from Columbus to Rulers of SpainColumbus: Hartford Examination of Reputation
The Age Of Discovery: Columbian Food & Plant Exchange
Columbus: A Native American View
Columbus: Fordham U's Excerpts from his Diaries
Sublimus Dei: Pope Paul III Condemns the Enslavement of Indians
- A papal bull of 1537, condemning the enslavement of Indians and the confiscation of their properties, even if they refuse conversion. Condemns authorities who have declared Indians "dumb brutes" incapable of conversion.
Black & Native American Resources
The history of Black Americans and Native Americans overlaps in many ways. Many American colonies enslaved Native Americans as well as Africans imported by slave traders. The Seminoles of Florida used to hide runaway Black slaves. York, a black slave, accompanied Lewis and Clark on their westward journey with Pocahontas. The stories told by a Black Carib slave, Tituba, worked with colonists' fears of local Native Americans and "demons" to create the famous Salem Witch Trials of 1692. (Click here for more on this). Black "buffalo soldiers" were used in the westward expansion of White settlements through Native territory -- and some of the settlements were populated by free Blacks during slavery or, after the Civil War, by Black citizens hoping for land and better lives than were available to them in the Old South. In some communities, Black and Native Americans have intermarried since the earliest days of contact, and have a shared family history as well as a shared history of discrimination.
Chicago: 1779 Jean Baptiste Point du Sable
Films about Native Americans and Black Americans in US History
The Buffalo Soldiers were African-Americans used in the U.S. war against Native Americans. The web has numerous sites on the Buffalo Soldiers. Students using the web to research this topic need to know that the "Buffalo Soldiers" title was applied to Black U.S. soldiers in several wars after the wars against America's native peoples. Don't be confused if you search the web and come up with units from World War I, World War II, or Korea.
Portraits in Black-The Buffalo Soldiers
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Western Frontier
Offline Resources about Black & Native American shared history:
Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. Katz, William.
Proudly Red And Black: Stories Of Native And African America. Katz, William. Brief biographies of people of mixed Native American and African ancestry. 1993 Atheneum.
List of Federally Recognized TribesThis state-by-state listing gives tribes which either are still seeking, or have not sought, federal recognition by U.S. authorities.
Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Indian Affairs Home Page
Libary of Congress Indigenous Area
The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Indigenous Studies
Links for native peoples worldwide. Sections on North, Central, and South America, among others.
Native American Tribes: Info Virtually Everywhere
Native American Information Resource Servers. This list is a pretty good place for most students to start, with links to Native American Studies, Native Net, tribal home pages, radio shows, the American Indian Science and Engineering Society, and much more. A lot of sites have this link, but with its old (non-functioning) address. THIS address works, at least as of March, 1997.
Links to Aboriginal Resources: Canada and US
National Congress of American Indians
This site provides a contact address for snail mail and email, but not much other information on this advocacy group which works on contemporary issues facing Native Americans, including gambling regulations.
Biographical dictionary of Native Americans and whites in the television history series THE WEST, including five women.
Aboriginal Super Information Highway
Starwolf's Native American Links
First Nations Index (many links)
Native American Navigator Pages
Tribal Voice - Native American Resources
Tribal Voice Home Page (NatAm)
Native Americans: Resources Provided at Augustana College
Native American History Archives
A subset of the World History Archives.
Native American Bibliographies and Links to other information
Library of Congress Native American Gopher
Links to about ten sites on many topics, including Iroquois language, Intertribal Council, journals, policy groups and professional associations.
Index of Native American Resources on the Internet
National Museum of the American Indian Exhibitions
National Museum of the American Indian Native American Sites
Historic documents maintained by Mississippi State University.
Shea's Native American Links and Information
Native Americans In World War I
Native Americans in World War II: Navajo Code Talkers
Ethnic Information in Modern U.S. Military
Native Portraits, Images, and Cultural Links
This section has been difficult to organize. Sites that are more general or that include many images tend to be at the top; links leading to portraits of individuals are near the end of the section. Illustrations of totem poles, hogans, and other housing styles are in the middle.
American Indian StudiesThis site has about twenty links and includes many links to images, including modern photographs and archival woodcuts. It also links to some audio files of spoken Native American words.
Native Americans, Gallery of the Open Frontier
This site is still under construction, so it seems about half the photos are missing. Students should be persistent! The photos include work scenes, tribal camps, group portraits, from about 1840 to 1912.
Native American Cultural Resources
American Studies Web: Native American Links
Excellent! Includes Peltier and info on exchange between Russian Orthodox and Alaskans, as well as many more common links.
University of Oklahoma: Native American Cultural Links
Art, Fine Art, Languages, Powersource, Cherokee NA Historical Page, links to other cultural pages.
Powersource Native American Art & Education Center
Legends, Religions, Tourist, Biographies
Native American Cultural Resources
Fine Art Exhibits at the Heard Museum
This page has about twenty links, concentrating on photographs and art sites that aren't usually included in other sites.
Hopi House (Not Pueblo) Grand Canyon National Park
Description of a hogan and a picture of one under construction
This is one of the nicest illustrations of a totem pole I've seen on the web. However, the site where it is located has nothing to do with totem poles! It's provided here just to assist students who are desperate to find an online-illustration of a totem pole.
De Bry Copper Plate Engravings
Excellent "woodcut" style engravings of scenes of Native American life in the early years of White contact.
Philosopher All-Stars: Sitting Bull
Good portrait of Sitting Bull at this site which honors philosophers of the past by putting them on imaginary all-star teams.
Siletz man wearing Native American dance regalia
Siletz (Silash?) Indians of the Northwest.
American Indian Dances Stamps Explained
American Indian Dances Stamps Illustrated
These two sites have the graphics and the press release for the acclaimed 1996 "Dance" stamps issued by the United States Post Office. Three pan-Native dances are shown, and two regional specialties (Northwest and Southwest).
Chief Hollow Horn Bear of the Lakota
Portrait and short bio of Lakota chief.
Authentic Native American Crafts and Music
Portraits and contact information of several Native American musicians and drafters. Wonderful picture of the webmaster's grandmother as a little girl in traditional tribal clothes.
Corbis (this link available only to AOL users)
Vintage Gallery Portraits from the Past -- this site contains two portraits of interest to students. The first of these is particularly striking. I don't know if these women were actually Eskimo, or if the photographer was using the term as a catch-all for all the Alaskan natives.
- Eskimo Woman with Fur Collar (1903 Nome)
- Long-Haired Eskimo Woman (1900-1920 Nome)
Smithsonian Photos of Native Americans on AOL (this link available only to AOL users)
This link includes portraits of several Native Americans. AOL users should click on the blue Smithsonian link here and then scroll through the site, clicking the "more" icon many times. Photos are arranged alphabetically by the first letter of the FIRST name or word:
- American Indian Museum in New York City, 1991.
- Billy Bowlegs of the Seminole Nation, 1858. Bowlegs, a chief of the Mikasuki Seminoles, was a leader of the Third Seminole War.
- Dull Knife of the Cheyenne Nation, 1873.
- Geronimo of the Apache Nation, 1886.
- Plenty Coups of the Crow Nation, 1880.
- Red Cloud (Mahpiya Iuta) of the Dakota-Oglala, 1880
- Quanah Parker of the Comanche, 1895.
- Kicking Bird (T'ene-angopte) of the Kiowa, 1868.
American Indian Computer Art Project
Native American Supply Catalog
Tribe-Specific Sites and Regional Links
The listings here are organized this way. First, sites that cover many tribes. Second, sites that refer to a specific region, such as "Southwest." Third, sites that are specific to one tribe, in alphabetical order.
Directory of Recognized Tribes State-By-StateExtensive List of Tribal Home Page Links
Mainly Eastern and Southern Nations
Columbia's Native American Page
Built to help students K-12 and their teachers. Be sure to click on the shield graphic! That's where the information is, not down in the blue web links. This site has a "tribe finder" clickable map and many other resources.
Columbia's Native American Page (search engine) Search engine for the page described above.
University of Oklahoma: Links to Sioux, Pottawatomi, Fon du Lac, Oneida, Pueblo, Cherokee-Keetoowah
Native American Resource Guide at USC
Canada's First Nations: Tribes of the Northwest
Sites specific to one tribe or nation:
ILTweb: History: NA: Native American Tribes: Chinook
Chippewa (Ojibwa) Myths, Stories, & Treaties
Chippewa (Ojibwa) Language and Culture
Chippewa (Ojibwa) Sandy Lake Band
Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council
[The Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council was created to facilitate a process for the Hawaiian people to determine whether a sovereign Hawaiian government will be created and what form it might take]
Nation of Hawai'i (www.aloha.net,USA)
The Office of Hawai'ian Affairs
Perspectives on Hawaiian Sovereignty
United States: Dances of the Hopi and Pueblo
Information contained in a book review.
Iroquois Confederacy: short explanation
The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations
Thought to have served as a basis or inspiration for the U.S. Constitution.
Mohawk Calendar of Celebrations
Ojibwa, see Chippewa above
New Mexico's Program to Encourage Native American Science Students
This is the Indian Resource Development program, meant to encourage Native American students to seek training and careers in math, engineering, and science.
Lakota Wowapi Oti Kin: Lakota Information Home Page
Sac Native American: Interview 1 with Jesse Ka-Ka-Que and Family
Sac Native American: Interview 2 with Jesse Ka-Ka-Que and Family
A Sac (Sauk) man, great-grandson of Chief Blackhawk, is interviewed at a Potawatomie (Pottawatomi) reservation. The interview is broken into two web pages.
Women of Native American Heritage
If a student is looking for a specific woman not listed here, these websites might be helpful. Neither of them specializes in Native Americans or in women, but often have famous individuals anyway: biography.com and Notable Citizens of Planet Earth Biographical Dictionary.
Woman Spirit by Julia White: Biographies of Native American Women
A bit feverish with the "cruel" stuff, and the biography of Kateri of the Mohawk is revoltingly beauty-oriented and sexist. There's a tendency towards drama and stereotyping that students should watch out for.
Native American Women's Social Work Center
Canadian Native Women sue Canada
Opinion in suit arguing gov't favors male-dominated aboriginal organizations for funding
Her Story I and II Women from Canada's Past
Links to Part 1 and Part 2.
Ada Deer: Biography of the Director of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
Cree Woman Historian: Victoria Belcourt Callihoo
People in THE WEST - Alice Fletcher
Biography and charming photo of this early activist on Native American issues, a premier ethnologist.
People in THE WEST - Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
Pioneers of the Oregon Trail. Their attempts to Christianize the Cayuse failed. The conflict increased until the Whitmans were killed. The killer turned himself in rather than see the whites destroy his entire tribe.
Australian Aboriginal Sites Link List
Excellent, lengthy list for college-age students or advanced high-schoolers. Includes some rock art sites that might be of interest to younger students as well.
Lonely Planet -- The Aborigines
Lonely Planet -- Aboriginal Art
Australian Native Title Cases Archive
History of the Arctic Circle at University of Connecticut
The Russian Church and Native Alaskan Cultures
Russian Orothox Church Preserving Native Alaskan and Arctic Komi Languages
Texts in the original languages of the Arctic peoples of Alaska and the former U.S.S.R.
This is a catalog page for Native Alaskan handcrafts. Use the icons to see Native work in baleen, ivory, and bone.
Resources in Canada:
Canadian First Nations Website
Canada's First Nations: Tribes of the Arctic
Circumpolar & Aboriginal North American WWW Virtual Library (Nunavut Implementation Commission, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada).
First Nations Communities and Tribal Councils (British Columbia)
First Perspective: Canada's Source For Aboriginal News And Events
Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Institute of Indigenous Government (British Columbia)
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs (British Columbia)
Resources For Arctic Peoples Outside North America:
Bures boahtin Sápmái! - Welcome to the Sami nation
Sami Association of North America
Nations of Central and South America
Links for the indigenous peoples of Amazonia
Organization of Indigenous Nations of Pastaza, Ecuador
South & Meso American Indian Rights Center
Tarlton Law Library Resources on Aztec and Maya Law
A bibliography on pre-Columbian Central American law.
Huichol Indians - Puerto Vallarta
Mayan Resources via Ousia: for the Mayanist ...
Decorating the introduction page of a Mexican-American Heritage publishing site... a really nice piece of art.
Maya Civilization--Past & Present
The Mayan Epigraphic Database Project
Links for the Taino and other Caribbean Arawak-speaking peoples
Columbus: Killer of the Taino?
Already listed in the Columbus section. Identifies Columbus as destroyer of the Taino, and parenthetically states that perhaps the Taino weren't wiped out, after all. The Taino are *not* extinct, despite this site's assertions to the contrary.
Tsachila Vernacular Language Program
The Tscachila are also called the Colorado, but students should not mix this up with the state of Colorado in the U.S. These Colorados are found in Ecuador, and this website is on their language, Tsafiqui.
This listing does not contain much on Native American religions as such, nor on the Ghost Dance controversy. What I've listed here are a few sites on the Salem witch panic of 1692, which originated in the folktales told by a Caribbean Native slave, and in the terror many of the Salem residents felt of the Native Americans surrounding their land. I've also included a few general-purpose religious overview sites where Native American beliefs might be found.
Native Americans and U.S. Courts
This is a small selection of cases that might be of interest to students of Native American History. The numbers after each case provide the information you need to look the case up in a regular library. For example, in Cherokee Nation immediately below, you will find the case printed up on the first page of the 30th volume of the U.S. Supreme Court Reports, which most public libraries either have, or can tell you where to find. The number in parentheses (1831) is the year the case was decided. A syllabus is a short summary of the case, usually -- though in at least two of the cases below, the "syllabus" seems to be a repeat of the full text of the case.
In addition, I've included links to sites containing most U.S. Supreme Court decisions. The Supreme Court sites are searchable, if a student wanted to see cases having to do with Native Americans but not with religion. However, a search done using either "Native American" or "Indian" is likely to be incomplete. Students should do both to be thorough, and should check the individual tribe name if they know it.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831)
The U.S. Supreme Court decides how states shall interact with Native tribal governments. The syllabus for this case is confusing and contains at least one serious typographic error, using "1979" for a date that was more likely in the 19th or 18th centuries.
Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515 (1832)
The syllabus for this case is just terrible; it will overwhelm most pre-college students. The case was about how the U.S. Supreme Court determined what rights states have over Native nations.
Williams v. Lee, 358 U.S. 217 (1959)
The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed jurisdiction of tribal courts, not state courts, over reservation affairs. The syllabus for this case is much better than the first two.
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetary Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988 )
The U.S. Supreme Court orders logging to be permitted on Native American sacred lands. I don't have a website for this case, and provide it just so students can use the citation to locate it in a regular print library.
Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)
The U.S. Supreme Court found that states may prohibit Native Americans' sacramental use of peyote without a violation of the First Amendment's guarantees of freedom of religion because the law against peyote and other drugs was facially "neutral and of general applicability." Although students will not find it at this site, they should be aware that Congress reacted to the Court by passing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act almost immediately. For more on the RFRA, use a search engine.
This site contains Yick Wo v. Hopkins (118 U.S. 356)(1886), in which a facially "neutral" law which had a disparate impact on a racial minority was found UNconstitutional. I provide it here for students to contrast with the Smith case of 1990, which held the opposite in order to restrict Native American use of peyote. Reading Yick Wo, students may ask themselves whether they believe the result in Smith to have been due to the lack of political power of Native Americans, or to the overwhelming political pressures of the 1990s to hyper-criminalize all drug use.
Poodry et al v. Tonowanda Band of Seneca Indians (2d Cir. 1996)
A case on the banishment of members from a tribe.
Historic Supreme Court Decisions - by Topic
This site will let you look up any case prior to 1990 by topic. However, most people will do better using the "search" feature there and entering keywords such as "Native American" or "Navajo," etc., because the site has only listed four cases in the topic heading "Indian."
Historic Supreme Court Decisions - by Party Name
This site will let you look a case up by name of the party, if you know it -- but only cases up to 1990.
Supreme Court Decisions AFTER 1990 - by Topic
This site lets you look up cases after 1990, by topic on the page the link takes you to, and by name on a page you can reach from there.
Timelines, Treaty Issues and Modern Controversies
Timeline of Native American History by Heard Museum
Survival International: Preserving Native and Aboriginal Peoples
An activist site, outlining some current issues of genocide or resource destruction affecting Native and Aboriginal peoples worldwide, particularly Amazonia.
Fourth World Documentation Project Home Page
Links to documentation in several categories, mostly by continent but including a section on inter-tribal agreements.
French and Indian War at Syracuse Server
French and Indian War at Earlyamerica.Com
Native American Policy Documents 1870 -->
Native American Treaties Project
Native American Takeover of Alcatraz
Native American Treaty Violations in Midwest
Indigenous Environmental Network
visitors since March 5, 1997.
Other pages maintained by Professor Cunnea: