The family LUCANIDÆ, or Lucanians, so named from the Linnæan genus LUCANUS, must be placed next to the Scarabæians in a natural arrangement. This family includes the insects called stag-beetles, horn-bugs, and flying-bulls, names that they have obtained from the great size and peculiar form of their upper jaws, which are sometimes curved like the horns of cattle, and sometimes branched like the antlers of a stag. In these beetles the body is hard, oblong, rounded behind, and slightly convex; the head is large and broad, especially in the males ; the thorax is short, and as wide as the abdomen; the antennæ are rather long, elbowed or bent in the middle, and composed of ten joints, the last three or four of which are broad, leaf-like, and project on the inside, giving to this part of the antennæ a resemblance to the end of a key; the upper jaws are usually much longer in the males than in the females, but even those of the latter extend considerably beyond the mouth; each of the under jaws is provided with a long hairy pencil or brush, which can be seen projecting beyond the mouth between the feelers; and the under lip has two shorter pencils of the same kind; the fore legs are oftentimes longer than the others, with the outer edge of the shanks notched into teeth; the feet are five-jointed, and the nails are entire and equal. These beetles fly abroad during the night, and frequently enter houses at that time, somewhat to the alarm of the occupants; but they are not venomous, and never attempt to bite without provocation. They pass the day on the trunks of trees, and live upon the sap, for procuring which the brushes of their jaws and lip seem to be designed. They are said also occasionally to bite and seize caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects, for the purpose of sucking out their juices. They lay their eggs in crevices of the bark of trees, especially near the roots, where they may sometimes be seen thus employed. The larvæ hatched from these eggs resemble the grubs of the Scarabæians in color and form, but they are smoother, or not so much wrinkled. The grubs of the large kinds are said to be six years in coming to their growth, living all this time in the trunks and roots of trees, boring into the solid wood, and reducing it to a substance resembling very coarse sawdust; and the injury thus caused by them is frequently very considerable. When they have arrived at their fall size, they enclose themselves in egg-shaped pods, composed of gnawed particles of wood and bark stuck together and lined with a kind of glue; within these pods they are transformed to pupæ, of a yellowish-white color, having the body and all the limbs of the future beetle encased in a whitish film, which being thrown off in due time, the insects appear in the beetle form, burst the walls of their prison, crawl through the passages the larvæ had gnawed, and come forth on the outside of the trees.