When the Pilgrims explored Cape Cod upon their arrival, when they felt threatened, and when they went on military expeditions to neighboring Indian tribes, they wore protective armor usually consisting of a helmet and sometimes a corslet (heavy metal vest covering the upper body). All men carried a sword with them, and a number of the Pilgrims' swords are still preserved today in the Pilgrim Hall Museum at Plymouth. Most Pilgrims also carried knifes and daggers with them on military expeditions. Swords, knifes and daggers were all worn attached to a belt.
For muskets, the Pilgrims had two general types: matchlock and flintlock muskets. The matchlock was more common because it was cheaper. Loading and firing a matchlock was quite a long and complicated procedure; flint-locks were significantly faster because a match was not required to light the firing mechanism. Most shooting was done with the muzzle resting in a stand, because the long muzzles were cumbersome and heavy.
The Pilgrims had several kinds of cannons as well, which were mounted at strategic locations around their Plantation and on the hillside. One was a minion, which was a brass cannon that fired a three pound ball approximately a third of a mile. The saker was somewhat smaller, shooting roughly a 2.75 pound ball about a third of a mile.
For more detailed information on the weapons and armor used by the Pilgrims, see Arms and Armor of the Pilgrims by Harold L. Peterson, Plimouth Plantation, 1957.