"PERUVIAN LIARS DICE"  (a.k.a. "Perudo")
(For reference only.  "Perudo" is a registered trademark of University 
Games Corporation, Burlingame, CA.)

OBJECT

To be the last player with one or more dice.

ROUNDS

Perudo is played in rounds.  Players take a cup and place five dice in 
it.  To start each round, all players shake their cups to mix the 
dice, then flip them over on the table.  Using their cups to shield 
their dice so that no other players can see them, players tilt up 
their cups to peek at their own dice.

In each round, players take turns bidding until one player says "Dudo" 
("I doubt" in Spanish), signifying that he/she disagrees with the 
previous bid.

Players only roll their dice once per round.

THE FIRST BID

Player 1 starts by announcing a bid, based upon the quantity of any 
particular number that could be counted if all players were to lift up 
their cups to show their dice.

Players do not actually know how many of any particular number are 
under the cups; they only know what dice they have.  Players may 
bluff-they do not need to have any of a particular number to bid that 
number.  

For example, a player does not need to have any fives to bid "6 
fives."

FOLLOWING BIDS

After Player 1 bids, the player on Player 1's left (Player 2) has two 
choices:

1)	increase the bid, or

2)	say "Dudo."

Players must either bid or say "Dudo" whenever it is their turn; they 
may not pass.

INCREASING THE BID

To increase the bid, Player 2 may either:

1)	increase the quantity, or

2)	increase the number, or

3)	increase the quantity and the number.

To increase the quantity, a player bids a higher quantity of the same 
number that the previous player bid.

Or, Player 2 may increase the number, by bidding a number higher than 
Player 1 bid.

Alternatively, Player 2 may increase the quantity and the number, by 
bidding both quantity and number higher than those that Player 1 bid.

After Player 2 bids, play passes to the left.  Each player, in turn, 
must increase the bid or call "Dudo." Play continues for this round 
until a player calls "Dudo."

CALLING "DUDO" (l DOUBT)

When a player believes that the player who just bid has bid 
incorrectly (i.e., incorrectly estimated the quantity of the number 
bid), that player may say "Dudo" instead of making a bid.  Players may 
only say "Dudo" to the player on their right.

COUNTING THE DICE

When a player says "Dudo," that player lifts his/her dice cup and 
announces the quantity of the number just bid that he/she has under 
the cup.

Continuing to the left, each player lifts his/her cup in turn, counts 
the quantity of the number bid under the cup, and adds that quantity 
to make a running total.

After all other players have lifted their cups and counted, the player 
who bid last (i.e., the player who was doubted) lifts his/her cup, 
adds his/her quantity of the number bid, and announces the final 
total.

SCORING

If the final total is greater than or equal to the last bid, then the 
player who said "Dudo" takes 1 of his/her dice and places it in the 
discard pile.  This player must now play with 1 less die than he/she 
held on this round.

If the final total is less than the last bid, then the player who made 
the bid places a die in the discard pile.

A round is over when a player loses a die.  To start the next round, 
all players pick up their remaining dice, put them back in the cups, 
and start over.  Only one player may lose a die in each round.

The player who lost a die during this round bids first on the next 
round.

A player who loses all of his/her dice is out of the game.  The player 
to this player's left bids first on the next round.

SPECIAL RULES

ACES

Instead of calling a higher quantity or higher number to increase the 
bid, players may make a bid using aces (ones).  When players bid with 
aces, they halve the quantity called by the previous player.

Players may not start a round by bidding aces.

If the quantity bid does not divide equally, the player who wishes to 
bid aces must round up.

To increase the bid, the player on the left of the player who bids 
aces must either bid a higher quantity of aces, or double the quantity 
of aces bid and add one (if the player wants to bid a number other 
than aces). or, the player on the left may call "Dudo," in which case 
players count the quantity of aces (as described in Counting the Dice, 
above).

PALAFICO

When players lose their fourth die (i.e., they have only one die 
remaining), they declare themselves "Palafico." For the next round, 
there are three special rules:

1)	Aces are not wild, for this round only;

2)	The player who is Palafico starts the round, and may start by 
bidding aces (this is the only time that a player may start with 
aces);

3)	The rest of the players must increase the bid by raising the 
quantity, or they may call "Dudo." In other words, players must bid 
the same number that the Palafico player bid; they may not change the 
number.  There is one exception-. players who have already been 
Palafico may change the number when it is their turn to bid.  Other 
players must then bid this number.

These special Palafico rules do not apply when only two players are 
left in the game.

WINNING THE GAME

The last player left with one or more dice wins the game.