Tiny phonographs with simple open-works mechanisms were very common in Europe, England, and even the US in the early 20th century. Commonly referred to as "Puck" phonographs, these typically had metal bases cast in the shape of a lyre, and no cabinet. Other, more ornate variations were also produced, including mermaid and lion designs. The most elaborate of these machines were sold with wooden cases similar to larger, more expensive phonographs, and were known as "Kasten Puck" ('Cabinet Puck'). Those with nickel-plated castings were the most deluxe of all -- a curious combination of simplicity, elegance and artistry.

Few collectors are aware that the original design was conceived and patented by Gianni Bettini, who was already widely known for his innovations in recording and reproducing technologies. Bettini's design reduced the phonograph to its most elemental form, with an exposed spring motor, no feedscrew, and a simple horn. He sold his 1899 patent to the Columbia Phonograph Company, which intended to manufacture this simple mechanism as the "Lyrophone." Although Columbia did not follow through, European manufacturers picked up on the design and produced an array of these machines over the next decade. Most carry no markings and are anonymous today but some bear the names of their manufacturers, of whom Georges Carette is perhaps the most notable. A Frenchman with a business based in Nuremberg, Germany, Carette produced a wide range of Puck phonographs for European and British markets.

This supremely elegant little Puck was made by Carette around 1905-1910 and was one of the most expensive and ornate Puck models ever made, priced in England at 20 shillings and 6 pence -- about $6 at the time and equivalent to over $100 in today's dollars. It was nearly four times as expensive as a basic Puck and represented a fairly significant investment for the average worker of the time, despite its modest mechanical simplicity.

The photograph above shows the intricate Art Nouveau base casting, with a singing bird at the center. Note the vine twisting around the stem above the bird's head -- this degree of detail is very rare in early castings and demonstrates remarkable artistry. The advertisement below shows the Kasten Puck as it was offered in a 1911 catalog, with a more 'modern' horn.