Seshat: A Goddess of Ancient Egypt

An essay dedicated to explaining the "who" behind a little-studied goddess from antiquity.

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7-27-99: I find myself reading this page I placed on the web a year ago. A lot has changed since then, and so I felt a need to update. Much has happened in that brief space, and I decided to fix this up to match the errors that are different. If you find any errors or misinformation (or just bad HTML, heh, I'm so new at this) please drop me an email. You will note that my email 'handle', "seshet" bears a striking resemblance to Seshat, the name of a goddess. Am I using a divine moniker? Ah, not in the least! For an interesting, but true story, check out this page if for some reason you are curious as to why. As I am in the process of converting old information into new, some information remains outdated and incomplete for now, but will be updated as the week goes on bit by bit.

 

Introduction
Seshat is an aspect of God from Ancient Egypt. The Ancient Egyptian religion is very often mistaken as a poly or henotheistic faith, when in actuality it resembles a monolatry; that is, a religion where there is one divinity that has parts to it which, while having their own personality, remain a component of a whole. A car has four wheels, but the car itself is not a wheel, yet the wheels are as much a vital part to the car and the car's function. Each of the aspects is separate, but unlike polytheistic beliefs, each remains a part of the whole. The word for divinity that they used to represent the sum of all the Names (Gods) is "ntr", Pronounced "Netjer", this word means God.

Divine Name For a Divine Lady
But, back to Seshat. Her Name (also spelled in english as Sashet, Seshet or Sesheta) means "the female scribe", "sesh" meaning scribe and her phonetic name s$3t (the $ indicates the phonetic symbol of an "s" with a reversed caret over it) bearing the feminine ending of a "t" sound. Also called "Sefket-abwy" in later times. She is represented in the, or ancient Egyptian language with her name, ss3t, followed by her two determinative. The first is her anthropomorphic figure, a woman sitting, knees up, a star surrounded by two down-turned horns over her head. The second is merely the image drawn over her brow, a standard with said star and the gracefully curving horns.

Image is Everything (Or is it?)
She is drawn with her standard atop her head, wearing the spotted leopard skin robes of the Setem priests, the funerary priests who are drawn on temple friezes with the spotted robe and mask of Yinepu (Greek: Anubis). Where other Gods hold the was-scepter in hand, she bears one of notched palm leaves that terminates at the bottom with a tadpole which rests on the symbol of eternity. The notched palm leaf itself is a large representation of the hieroglyph rnpwt, the tadpole or shen meaning millions of. Together, they convey the message of "millions of years". This is symbolic of the force of the king -- the never-ending divine power of the Pharaoh, and the fact that Seshat is the minister of Time.

Flower or Star or...what the heck in the Duat is that thing?
Much argument is made over whether the symbol over Her head is a star or a rosette. An article brought to my attention recently has shed an interesting light on this issue. in "Seshat and the Pharaoh" by G.A. Wainwright, he shows the development of Seshat's symbol over time. It first appeared as far as I could find a reference to, on Narmer's palette, perhaps as part of a title. There it is clearly a flower-shape, and not a star. A few people have implies that the symbol is a cannabis leaf, but this is a historical myth. The ancient Egyptians used hemp for one reason: to make ropes. To my knowledge, the only users of cannabis for other reasons that I am aware of are the Assyrians. They burned heaps of it at funeral pyres because of the sweet smell. In actuality, it is a star, that has become stylized over thousands of years of renditions.

Personality and Aspects
Seshat is the record keeper. It is she who writes the names and deeds of all on the sacred leaves of the sycamore tree. She was also an accountant, as pictures of her on tomb walls recording war trophies and agricultural tallies can attest. It is She who remembers -- remembers everything, even the smallest details that most would forget. In that sense, She can be considered a Name involved with both destiny and time, for while Djehuty (Greek: Thoth)is their creator and Lord, it is Seshat who ministers to each and ensures that both run their courses true. It is She who takes care of the details, when most would overlook them. She would record the tallies of goods and prizes of war the kings garnered.

Names Related to Seshat
There are several Gods related to Seshat. The one with the strongest tie is by far Nephthys. Seshat may even be a form of Nephthys. Several references in the pyramid texts compare them. Both of their names "The Female Scribe" and "The Lady of the House" may come from yet another goddess as well, as they are more titles than names, per se. Nephthys is also refereed to in the Pyramid Texts as "Seshat, Foremost of Builders". Seshat herself is directly tied to Thoth, for often Seshat is pictured as his consort. And, of course, the King, the living Horus -- for she is the one who personally attends to him, and the knowledge of him so that all remember his deeds time after time.

 

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This page has been created and is maintained by myself, and is (c) 1998-9 by D. A. Schaefer. I welcome questions and comments, which you can direct to: seshet@kemet.org. This website was last fixed on 27 July 1999 too late in the day for dawn and too early into the evening to be truly night time.