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Breton Timeline
388 --Defeat of Magnus Maximus, Cynan Meridoc and his British troops forced to settle in Armorica; British immegration to Armorica begins
397-- Death of St. Martin, Bishop of Tours at 81 years old, 26 year of his episcopate. (Gregory of Tours, I.48) Martin's monastic movement spreads to Britain during his lifetime or within the following generation.
409-- Britain and Armorica revolts against Rome. Britain is fundamentally free of Rome.
410?-- Constantine III, the usurper, is executed; Honorius sends his rescript which is used to mark British independence from Rome
417-- Romans suppress the revolt of 409; but revolts flair up throughout the 430's and 440's
418-- Germanus is consecreated as the Bishop of Auxerre.
420-431-- Palladius receives his education in Gaul and may become a deacon at Auxerre.
429-- St. Germanus of Auxerre makes his first trip to Britain to fight Pelagianism
431/2 --Palladius, is consectrated Archbishop of Ireland by the Pope and begins his mission to Ireland.
436/7-- St. Germanus pleads with the Alanic King to spare the Armoricans. Alans begin to settle in Armorica
437-- St. Germanus of Auxerre makes his second trip to Britian (Thompson, Germanus) He returns to Rome the same year to report on the British trip and plead for the Armoirican rebels. He dies in Rome.
439-- Three Gaulic Bishops/Priests are sent to augment the mission of Palladius in Ireland. [Dumnville]
440/50s-- Saxon Revolt in Eastern Britain
440s--Large increase in British immegration to Armorica and all of Gaul as a result of the Saxon revolt in eastern Britain. Armoria is devided into the western Britanni and the eastern Romani. [Chadwick, 1969]
451-- Battle of Catalaunian Plains, Attila the Huns advance is halted by Aetius.
c457 --Aegius is elected king of Soissons. Aegius reigned in Soissons and over the Franks for eight years before he recalled Childeric. (Gregory of Tours, II.12)
461 --Mansuetus, Bishop of Britannorum, at the Council of Tours. Brittany is within the archbishopric of Tours. [Chadwick , 1969]
c465-68-- Rhiotamos leads 12,000 Britanni along the River Loire at the request of Emperor Anthemius, as protection against an invasion by Euric, King of the Visigoths. [Chadwick 1969]
468 --Arvandus, Praedatorian Prefect of Gaul, brought up on charges of treason for inciting Euric of the Visigoths to attack the Brittanni along the River Loire, under their commander Rhiotamos. [Chadwick, 1969]
c470 --Faustus, son of Vortigern, becomes a promnent churchman in Gaul.(Ashe, Quest..) He founds the church of Reims. [HB]
c470 --British Rhitamos leads 12,000 men to Gaul to fight Saxons along the Loire River for Aegius, King of the Romans at Soissons and his ally Childeric the Frank
470s--Battle of Orleans was fought by Childeric. There was a plague and Aegius of Soissons died. His son Sygarius took command at Soissons. Bretons were expelled from Bourg-de-Deols by the Goths. Count Paul in command of Romans and Franks attacked the Goths and 'seized booty form them.' Odovacer reached Angers but Childeric arrived the next day and a battle ensued. Count Paul was killed and Childeric took the city. The church of Angers burned on the day; Childeric occupied Angers. This may be the last battle of Rhitoamos and the Bretons. (Gregory of Tours II,18)
481-- Death of Childeric son of Merovech. The kingdom is passed to his son Clovis, 15 years old.
486-- Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Sygarius son of Aegius and annexes the kingdom of Soissons to the Frankish kingdom. Sygarius flees to Alaric II , King of the Visigoth, who returns him to Clovis where he is executed.
c486-500-- Bretons submit to Clovis the Franks authority. Accroding to Gregory of Tours, Clovis also ruled the Bretons with more obidiance than his sons. The Bretons then took the title as Count rather than King. [Chadwick 1969; GT]
496 --After a victory over the Almanni, one of Clovis's requirements for conversion, persuades Clovis to be baptised and accept Christainity. Two of Clovis's sisters Albofled and Lanthenchild were also baptised with three thousand of the army. Albofled died soon after.
507-- Clovis meets Alaric II at Vouille outside of Poitiers. Chlodoric, son of Sigibert the Lame, a Frankish king was an ally of Clovis. In the battle, Clovis killed Alaric but the Goths nearly killed Clovis. Alaric's son Amalric escaped and became king of the Goths in Spain. (Gregory of Tours, II.37).
Theodoric, son of Clovis, conquored all of the territory between the Goths and the Burgundians, including Tours, Toulouse, and Angouleme. Clovis wintered in Bordeaux.
While in Tours, a letter arrives from Roman Emporer Anastius, confering a Roman councilate on Clovis. He was called Council or Augustus from that day on. Then he established his government at Paris and was joined by his son Thoedoric. (Gregory of Tours, II.38)
507-511-- Clovis unites all of the Franks (Ripuarian and Salien Franks) including his relatives in Cambri and Le Mans under his rule by treachery and the murder of all their kings. (Gregory of Tours, II.40-42)
509-521-- Two Breton priests, Lovacatus and Catihernus, are threatened with excommunication by Gaulic bishops for allowing unconventional church practices. [Chadwick 1969]
511-- Clovis died in Paris and was buried in the St. Guieneves church, then called the church of the Holy Apostles, founded by Clovis. Kingdom divided among his four sons: Theodoric by a concubine, and Chlodomer, Childebert I, and Lothair I by his wife Clotild. Clotild became a religious in Tours at the Church of St. Martain. (Gregory of Tours, II.43)
Theodoric son of Clovis, King of Rheims 511-534; Childebert son of Clovis, King of Paris, 511-558; Chlodomer son of Clovis, King of Orleans 511-524; Lothar/Clothar, King of Soissons and later all of Clovis's former territory, 511-561
511-534-- Danish King Chlochilaich (Higelac of Beowulf) invades Theodorics kingdom but Theudebert, Theodoric's son killed the king and recaptured the loot and hostages. (Gregory of Tours, III.3)
c515 -- Riwal Mawr immegrates from Wales to Brittany and founds the Breton kingdom of Domnonia, during the reign of Childebert.[Chadwick 1969]
516 -- Battle of Badon in Britain.(Annales Cambriae)
c535-- Deroch, son of Riwal, King of Domnonia.
535-53-- Justinian takes Italy from the Ostagoths and refounds the Western Empire (temporarily)
539-- Birth of Gregory of Tours.
537-- Battle of Camlann in Britian, death of King Arthur. (Annales Cambriae)
542-3 --'Justinian plague' reaches Gaul from Egypt. (Byrne and Doherty, 1982)
c550--Breton Count (King) Chanao kills three of his brothers and a fourth Macliaw escapes and his hidden by another Breton Count (King), Chonomor. Macliaw fled to Vannes and became a bishop. [ GT, Chadwick 1969]
Bubonic plague raveges through Gaul, Britain and Ireland.
c555 --Jonas, son of Deroch son of Riwal, King of Domnonia. He dies shortly after ascension. His widow marries Cunomorus, Count of Poher and Leon. Judwal his son flees to Childebert. [Chadwick 1969]
556-561 --Breton Bishop St. Samson attends the Third Coucil of Tours.
c557-- With the help of St. Samson and Childebert, Judwal regains the throne of Breton Domnoinia. Cunomorus is not heard from again and Poher ceased to exist as an independent region. [Chadwick 1969, V. Samson dated 884]
558-- Childebert, son of Clovis, dies. Lothar took over Childeberts kingdom and now ruled all of Clovis's kingdom and the additional territory won by Clovis's sons, essentially modern France.
558-561--Lothar rules Frankish territory bordering Brittany.
560 --Lothar marched into Brittany . Death of Breton king Chanao and Chramn son of Lothar in December. Childperic was aided by St. Samson (and St. Armel?). Macliaw leaves the bishopric of Vannes and returns to his wife and to become a Breton King of Chanao's kingdom. For leaving the church, he is excommunicated. [GT]
c560-577-- Macilaw, brother of Chanao, rules southern Brittany.
561 --Death of St. Samson. a few months after King Chanao of Brittany. (February-March)
Death of Lothar, King of the Franks in December and was buried in the church of Saint Medard. The Kingdom was divided between Lothar's four surviving sons. Charibert took Childebert, includeing Paris. Guntram took the kingdom of Clodomer, with Orleans as his seat. Chilperic took Lothars kingdom and ruled from Soissons. and Sigibert took Theuderic's kingdom and ruled form Rhiems. (Gregory of Tours, IV,22)
561-- Charibert, son of Lothar, ruled the Kingdom of Paris
562-- King Charibert married Ingoberg and they had a daughter named Adelberg (Ethylberg/Bertha) who married Aethylbert, King of Kent.
567-- Council of Tours enacts a canon that forbids the appointment of Breton or Gallo Roman Bishops without the consent of the Archbishop of Tours.[Chadwick, 1969]
570--Death of St. Gildas at St. Gildas-de-Rhys, Brittany.[AC]
c570-75-- Macliaw of Brittany broke his oath to King Budic of Brittany. When Budic died, Macliaw drove Budic's son Theodoric into exile rather than support him in maintaining his father's kingdom.(Gregory of Tours, V.16)
573-94-- Gregory, Bishop of Tours
575-595-- Childebert II, Frankish King
c577?-- Theudoric son of Budic of King of Brittany returned for revenge on King Macliaw of Brittany. Macliaw and his son Jacob were killed. Theodoric then retook his father's kingdom. Waroch, son of Macliaw, retained the the original kingdom of Macliaw . (Gregory of Tours, V.16)
c577-594-- Waroch, son of Macilaw, Breton Count of Vannes.
579 --Waroch seizes Vannes by surprise and adds it to his kingom forming the Breton kingdom of Bro Weroch.
c579/80-- The army of Chilperic invade Bro Weroch in an attempt to regain Vannes. Waroch made a perimptive attack on the Saxons from Bessin who fought for the Franks. After three days of fighting, Waroch came to terms with Chilperics commanders promising tribute and giveing his son as hostage. (Gregory of Tours, V.26) Waroch accepts Frankish rule and pledges to send all the tribute from Vannes to the King of Paris, if he still rules the goverment of Vannes.[Chadwick 1969]
c580? --Bretons attack the Frankish region of Rennes, as far as the village of Corps Nuds.
c580? --The Bretons attack the Frankish towns of Nantes and Rennes. St. Felix negotiaties with the Bretons.
c584-- Gregory of Tours records a comet that destroys two islands in a fireball.
584 -- Chilperic dies, succeeded by his son Lothar II, King of Franks 584-629.
c587-- Bretons attack the Nantes regions. King Guntrum responded and the Bretons aggreed to terms. The terms were sent to the Bretons Waroch and Vidimael. Waroch broke the terms and raided the vineyards of Nantes again.
589-- Death of Queen Ingoberg, wife of Frankish King Charibert and mother of Aethylberg who married Aethylbert of Kent.
c590--Breton King Waroch and his army ravaged Nantes and Rennes. Frankish King Guntrum sent Duke Beppolen and Duke Ebarchar to repel the Breons. Frankish Queen Fredegund sent Saxons dressed as Bretons to aid Waroch against Duke Beppolen whom she hated. Duke Ebarchar held back until Duke Beppolen and his army was destroyed because he also hated Beppolen. After fighting Duke Ebarchar, Waroch sued for peace which was granted. Waroch gave his nephew as hostage. Waroch immediately broke his treaty and sent his son Canao to harass the rear of the Frankish army and capture prisoners. The Frankish people claimed Waroch bribed Duke Ebrachar and Cout Willachar to lead the Franks to disaster. Ebrachar was rebuked by the king and ordered out of his presence (exile?). Willachar fled. (Gregory of Tours, X.9)
c591-- Waroch releases some prisoners at the request of Queen Fredegund, proving to Gregory of Tours that they conspired to kill Beppolen and his army. (Gregory of Tours, X.10)
590s-- Gregory of Tours writes his History of the Franks
594 -- Death of Gregory of Tours
595-- Death of Frankish King Childebert II.
597-- St. Augustine is sent to preach to the English.
629-639-- Dagobert, son of Lothar II, King of Paris. The son and grandson of Edwin of Deiria are sent to Dogobert for safe keeping. Both die from illness in childhood in Dagobert's court.
c630-635 --Breton Domnonia raid the Franks under King Judicael. [Chadwick 1969]
623-39 Judiceal submits to Dagobert, King of the Franks.
635-753 --Border war between the Franks and Bretons continues but little information is known.[Chadwick 1969]
656-- Death of Sigeberht III of Austriasia; Grimoald places his son on the throne as Childebert III. Prince Dagobert II son of Sigeberht was sent to Ireland by Bishop Desiderius of Pointiers. (Byrne and Doherty, 1982)
657-- Chlothar III succeds to the throne of Neustria and Burgundy. (Byrne and Doherty, 1982)
687-- Pepin becomes the mayor of the palace of all Francia after the battle of Tertry; Carolinian era begins in ernest
723--Moslems are defeated at Tours by Charles Martel.
742-5--Frankish church calls councils for reform.
753-- Pepin the short marches into Brittany to collect tribute.[Chadwick 1969]
[References from here to the end- Galliau and Jones, 1991]
768-814--Charlemagne, King of Franks. He takes the Breton Abbey of St. Meen 'under his protection'
778--Roland, Carolingian Prefect of the Breton March, was killed by the Basques at the battle of Roncesvalles.
Breton Rebellions against the Franks in 786, 811, 818, and 822
824-- Breton leader Guihmarc'h lead a rebellion and was captured by Emperor Louis the Pious. Louis released him with gifts and allowed him to return to Brittany.
826-- Count Lambert of Nantes killed Guihmarc'h
830--Louis the Pious names Nomenoe, a Breton native noble and imperial fidelis as missus of Brittany. This was the first Frankish acknowledgement of Brittany as a single political unit. Nomenoe remained loyal to Louis until Louis's death.
818-- Louis the Pious issues a diploma in favor of the Breton abbey of Landevennec after the victory at Priziac. The Emperor orders Abbot Matmonoc to revise the Breton church to match Frankish practices, rather than celtic practices. He further attached all Breton diocese to the Archdiocese of Tours.
832--Conwaion founds the monastery fo Saint-Sauveur de Redon under the revised rule of Frankish Anjou.
832 and 834--Redon documents call Nomenoe Comes or Princeps Venetice [Vannes] civtias
c840-- Nomenoe supports Charles the Bald in the Frankish civil war.
843-- Erispoe son of Nomenoe and Lambert, Count of Nantes, lead a Breton army against Renaud at Messac. A month later in June, the Vikings sacked Nantes while Neusria was in chaos.
844-- Nomenoe and Lambert attack the heirs of the Count of Renaud.
845-- (November) Charles the Bald is defeated near Redon at Baldon.
846--Nomenoe abandoned Lambert and temporaily reconciled with Charles the Bald.
846-7-- Vikings raid Brittany and threaten Nomenoe's rule. After three months, Nomenoe bribes them to leave.
849--Nomenoe dismisses all the bishops of Brittany in favor of his own appointments from 'his own race and language'.
c850-- Nomenoe attacks Rennes, Nantes and Le Mans.
851--Death of Nomenoe suddenly deep in Frankish territory at Vendome; Erispoe son of Nomenoe was the first to be styled King of Brittany after defeating Charles the Bald at the three day battle of Jengland and then Ballon. However, he still acknowledged fealty to Charles the Bald.Kingdom of Brittany was founded by Erispoe with the counties of Rennes, Nantes, and ricaria ofRetz.
856-- Erispoe's daughter was betrothed to the Frankish Prince Louis the Stammer.
857--Erispoe was murdered by his cousin Soloman, whom he shared the rule of Brittany with under Charles the Bald's order.
857-74--Soloman, King of Brittany
888-907--Alan I the Great, King of Brittany.
See Bibilographies on the Index page for references.