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Freshwater Molluscan Shells
Neritidae (Neritinidae)
Of this family of mostly tropical shallow-water marine snails, over 175 species live in fresh or brackish waters. All graze upon algae growing on firm underwater surfaces. They are notable in having thick variably patterned shells and a calcareous operculum. Unlike most freshwater snails where young are born live or hatch directly from eggs, development in the nertiidae involves a planktonic larval form referred to as a veliger. Tom Eichhorst indicates some species cannot reproduce in freshwater aquaria, as their veligers need exposure to saltwater to develop.
Genera of the neritidae with representatives in fresh waters include:
Neritina Indo-Pacific.
Nereina Central and South America,
Theodoxus; Europe, northern Africa, Middle East.
Clypeolum; Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa.
Septaria; Rivers and streams of Indo-Pacific islands, Ganges and Hooghly Rivers, India.
Fluvinerita; Mountain brooks of Jamaica.
Neritodryas; Indo-Pacific.
Neritilia; Circum-tropical.
Vitta; the Americas and Africa
Vittina: Indo-Pacific, southern Asia.The ranges given above are from Banarescu, 1990, Preston, 1915, and Tom Eichhorst, who also provided images, information, and identifications. Names and classifications are currently [2004] under revision. Please note, some of the image filenames, where they contradict the captions, reflect earlier classifications, or misidentification of specimens.
Western Hemisphere
"Olive Nerite"
The name Neritina reclivata (Say, 1822)
has long been used for this species, but
Vitta usnea Röding (1798) has priority.
Freshwater creeks in Florida, United States.
x2. Detail of banding to right, x8.Clypeolum latissimus
(Orbigny, 1840) Rivers,
Pacific side, Equador
Clypoleum (formerly Neritina) punctulata (Lamarck, 1816). Freshwater rivers well above marine influence, island of Dominica.
Photos, Dr. Donald J. Stewart.
Vitta meleagris (Lamarck, 1822) Rio de Janiero State, Brazil
Vitta (formerly Neritina)
virginea (Linne, 1758).
West indies.
Great variety of colors and patterns.
Photo © Stefan Chessa / Germany.
Click here for photo collage.
Vitta zebra (Bruguiere, 1792) Near Belem, Brazil.
Europe
Some Theodoxux are noteworthy in
having ranges far outside of the tropics,
including England and Europe along
the Baltic Sea.
Theodoxus danubialis (Pfeiffer,1828)
Italy.
Theodoxus danubialis has acquired the
following common names:
Czech; zubovec dunajský
German; Donau-Kahnschnecke
Hungarian; rajzos bödöncsiga.
Other species listed for the territory of Europe
include:
T. anatolicus Récluz, 1841, Turkey; Greece
T. baeticus Lamarck, 1822, Spain
T. euxinus Clessin, S., 1885, Europe
T. fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Europe
T. meridionalis Philippi, 1836, Italy
T. prevostianus Pfeiffer, 1828, Europe
T. tranversalis Pfeiffer, 1828, Europe
T. valentinus Graells, 1846, Spain
T. velascoi (Graells, 1846), Spain.
A few of the common names applied
to the wide-ranging T. fluviatilis:
Czech; zubovec rícní.
English; River Nerite.
German; Gemeine Kahnschnecke,
Swedish; Båtsnäcka, Algsnäcka,
Russian; Лyнка pечная
Africa / Asia / South Pacific
Vittina natalensis (Reeve, 1845) African rivers, in natural state and cleaned. Image; Tom Eichhorst.
Vittina coromandeliana (G.B. Sowerby I, 1836)
left (dorsal view), and Neritodryas dubia (Gmelin,
1791) right (aperture view). African rivers. Specimens
courtesy of Gerald Depaus, Belgium. ID; Tom Eichhorst.
Clithon cf. sowerbiana (Recluz, 1841). Okinawa, Japan.
Clithon castanea (Hombron & Jaquinot, 1854). Samoa. Image; Tom Eichhorst.
Clithon dispar (Pease, 1867) considered to
be a subspecies of Clithon chlorostoma
(Broderip, 1832) by some authors.
Western Samoa.
Vittina variegata (Lesson, 1831)
New Caledonia
Clithon corona (Linnaeus, 1758) Philippines. Markings on large
individual are concealed by algae.
Species in the fhe freshwater genus Septaria possess an internal operculum, completely buried within the foot of the animal. Tom Eichhorst indicates that it may have the function of helping to leverage the animal to the substrate, but it has never been shown for certain what if any function it serves. He provides the following information, along with the images below. The operculum in Septaria varies in size from Septaria cumingiana whose operculum is almost the same size as the snail's aperture, to Septaria tesselata in which it appears small, thin, and vestigial. Its dark corneous region fits behind the septum. At least four of the thirteen currently recognized Septaria species are sexually dimorphic; S. cumingiana (Récluz, 1842), S. porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758), S. sanguisuga (Reeve, 1856), and S. suffreni (Récluz, 1841). These limpet or slipper-shell like nerites are typically found in fast flowing freshwater streams. Five species are listed for the Indian subcontinent by Preston, 1915.
Septaria porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758), with, and without periostracum. Philippines, actual size, 26 mm.
Opercula; left, "outward" face, right, "inward" face. Photo Tom Eichhorst
Septaria suffreni (Récluz, 1841), Samoa. With, and without periostracum. Females, top; males, bottom. Actual size, 18 to 24 mm.
Opercula; left, "outward" face, right, "inward" face. Photo Tom Eichhorst.
