An important baton [speaking gesture] which ties him together with his [TV] viewers occurs when he [Phil Donahue] is seated with his elbows close to the body and his forearms stretch forwards [sic] at a 45° angle, palms wide open. --Walburga von Raffler-Engel (1984:13)
Gesture. 1. A speaking or listening gesture made with the fingers extended and the hand rotated
to an upward (or supinated) position. 2. A gesture made with the opened palm raised to an
appealing, imploring, or "begging" position.
Usage: Uplifted palms suggest a vulnerable or nonaggressive pose which appeals to listeners as
allies, rather than as rivals or foes. Throughout the world, palm-up cues reflect moods of
congeniality, humility, and uncertainty. (Palm-up gestures contrast with palm-down cues,
which are more domineering and assertive-like in tone.) Accompanied by upward "palm shows," our
ideas, opinions, and remarks may seem patronizing or conciliatory rather than aggressively
"pointed." Psychologically, reaching out to someone with an upwardly rotated, opened palm draws that person closer and helps build rapprt. Held out to an opponent across a conference table, e.g., the palm-up cue may,
like an olive branch, enlist support as a gestured emblem of peace.
Anatomy. As Darwin (1872) noted, palm-up signs are part of a shoulder-shrug posture involving
the entire upper body. Lifting a shoulder stretches trapezius and levator scapulae muscles of the
neck, tilting our head toward the shoulders' high side. Head-tilt-side excites
muscle-spindle receptors in the neck which stimulate a posture designed to stabilize the head relative
to the body and pull of gravity. This posture is released by the assymetrical tonic neck reflex or ATNR. In
the shoulder shrug, the fingers on our neck's tilted side automatically extend as the hand rotates to
a raised position, producing the distinctive palm-up cue. Rotation is due to contraction of the forearm's
supinator muscle, stimulated by the 6th cervical nerve through the brachial plexus. Our upper
arm's prominent biceps muscle flexes the elbow joint and brings it closer into our body's side (contraction of biceps
adducts the arm at the elbow). Aiding supinator, biceps assists in rotating our palm to its uplifted
position.
Culture. 1. In North Africa, cradling one hand in the other "with both in the palm-up position" means, "I don't understand" (Morris 1994:105). 2. In Saudi Arabia, the supinated palms up gesture--made with the upper arms held inward against the sides of the body, and the forearms extended and held forward, horizontally-- is a religious sign imploring the deity to witness a user's nonverbal statement, "I swear!" (Morris 1994:197). This Saudi cue incorporates the pancultural humility of the raised and supinated human hand.
Observations. 1. A sales representative appeals to her boss with a palm-up cue: "Do you really
want me to fly out to Cleveland tomorrow?" 2. A teenager asks to borrow his mother's car, using
a raised palm to plead: "Please, Mom?" 3. In Ghana, a tribal woman gestures with lifted palms
after hearing that her husband favors polygamy: "What can we women do?" she asks hopelessly.
4. In the boardroom, a CEO appeals to his senior staff with a palm-up gesture and implores, "I
need your help."
Psychiatry. In mental patients, "hands up" with "head up," followed by "hands drop," is a two phase gesture which comes from reaching up for help: "Pick me up" (Engel 1978).
U.S. politics. "Indeed, one of the reasons for Ronald Reagan's remarkable popularity in the United States today may well be his very liberal use of palm displays. How could anyone distrust a guy who is so genial, so disarming, so warm, and so comforting?" (Blum 1988:6-10).
RESEARCH REPORTS: 1. The first scientific study of palm-up gestures was conducted by Charles Darwin (1872), who saw them as signs derived from a larger shoulder-shrug display. 2. The open-palm-up hand-shrug is a sign of helpless uncertainty and confusion (Ekman and Friesen 1968; "The hand-shrug rotation . . . is an example of a nonverbal repetition of the verbal content; the rotating hands show a nonverbal inability to use the hands to do something, which parallels the verbal statements of uncertainty" [p. 209; Author's Note: This is a curious interpretation of the palm-up cue]). 3. In chimpanzees, palm-up signs are used to beg for food, to invite bodily contact, and to seek support during a conflict: "We call the gesture with the extended arm and open palm 'holding out a hand'. It is the most common hand gesture in the colony" (Waal 1982: 34-36). 4. Palm-up cues are used to ask "who," "what," "when," "why," "where," and "how" questions in diverse sign languages of the deaf from Papua New Guinea to Colombia and New York (Givens 1986). 5. Palm-up cues include: a. hand cradle ("I don't understand"), b. hands shrug (1) (a "disclaimer" in response to questions), c. hands shrug (2) (a "deceptive" speaking gesture), d. palms up (1) ("I implore you," used when public speakers "beg their audiences to agree with them"), and e. palms up (3) (widely used in religious prayer; Morris 1994:105, 137-8, 196-7).
Neuro-notes I. Upraised palms are gestural byproducts of an ancestral crouch display, a protective vertebrate posture designed to be defensive rather than offensive. Neural roots of palm-up cues thus reach back further in time than palms themselves--at least 500 m.y.a.--to protective paleocircuits for flexion withdrawal built into the aquatic brain & spinal cord. These circuits reflexively bend the ancestral body wall, neck, arms, and legs away from danger, while palms and forearms rotate upward through the action of primeval neck reflexes.
Neuro-notes II. Note that our palm-up rotations tend to be one-handed when stimulated by turning the head sideward, and when tilting it left or right--but two-handed when the neck is bent forward or backward (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell 1991). We do not ordinarily make conscious choices about the gesture, because we are too busy talking to notice or care. The emotions responsible for palms-up are located above the spinal cord in defensive areas of our forebrain's limbic system (notably the amygdala), passing through basal ganglia and brain-stem links to the cord below. Thus, our emotional brain unwittingly touches off flexor-withdrawal gestures designed to protect us from real and imagined harm, in jungles as well as boardrooms. That we do not deliberately gesture with palm-up cues places them among our most trustworthy signs.
See also MIME CUE, POINT.
Copyright 1998 - 2005 (David B. Givens/Center for Nonverbal Studies)