Pesticide effects, Rachel Carson Council, Basic Guide to Pesticides, golf course, lawn chemicals, health effects, cancer, pesticides, health, pest control, exterminate, bugs, bug control, bug spray

anilazine

chemical class: triazine
principal use: fungicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to bees and birds; high for crustaceans and phytoplankton; very high for fish; toxic to some plants

common trade names: B-622; Direz; Dyrene; Kemate; Triasyn

CAS # 101-05-3

atrazine

chemical class: triazine
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen; mutagen; immunotoxin; adrenal damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high to very high for aquatic insects;
high for molluscs;
medium for bees;
low to high for fish;
low to medium for crustaceans

long-term toxicity: soil invertebrates - may reduce populations; amphibians - may impair reproduction

transformation product: n-nitrosoatrazine

common trade names: AAtrex; Ace St. Augustine Weed and Feed; Altacide Extra (with sodium chlorate); Atlazin (with amitrole); Atradex; Atradex 50; Atranex; Atrazine 4L Herbicide; Bellater (with cyanazine); Bicep (with metolachlor); Bonus S; Extrazine (with cyanazine); Fogard; Fogard L; Geigy 30,027; Gesaprim; Gesaprim D (with 2,4-D); Hi-Yield Atrazine; Lasso (with alachlor); Primatol; Scotts Weed and Feed for St. Augustine; Sutan+; Vectal; Vorox Granulat 371; Weedex A

CAS # 1912-24-9

bendiocarb

chemical class: carbamate
principal use: insecticide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: cataracts; neurotoxin
transformation product: suspect mutagen; suspect fetotoxin; lung damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for birds; highly toxic to bees; high for fish;
toxic to some plants

transformation product: methyl isocyanate (the Bhopal chemical)

contaminants: dibenzodioxin or dibenzofuran impurities

common trade names: Dycarb; Ficam; Ficam Plus; Garvox; Multamat; Niomil; Seedox; Tatoo; Turcam

CAS # 22781-23-3

benefin

chemical class: dinitroaniline
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: toxic to fish; low for birds; relatively non-toxic to bees

common trade names: Balan; Balfin; Benefex; benfluralin; bethrodine; Binnell; EL 110; Quilan

CAS # 1861-40-01

benomyl

chemical class: benzimidazole
principal use: fungicide

detected in groundwater
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; mutagen; teratogen; liver and testes damage; reduced sperm; blood damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high to very high for fish;
high for birds, earthworms;
low for crustaceans, bees

long-term toxicity: plants - mutagen

transformation products: thiophanate methyl; carbendazim

common trade names: Benlate; DuPont 1991; Tersan 1991; Turf Fungicide

CAS # 17804-35-2

bensulide

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: herbicide

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high for fish; low to medium for bees

common trade names: Betasan; Disan; Exporsan; Prefar; Presan; R-4461

CAS # 741-58-2

bentazon

chemical class: miscellaneous
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water

long-term effects on mammals: teratogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium for birds; low for fish; harmless to bees

common trade names: Basagran DP (with dichlorprop); Basagran Ultra (with ioxynil & dichlorprop); Basagran-M60; bendioxide (South Africa); bentazone; Galaxy (with acifluorfen); Triagran (with MCPA & dichlorprop); Ultima (with dichlorprop); Vega (with cyanazine & dichlorprop)

CAS # 2505-89-0

captan

chemical class: phthalate
principal use: fungicide; most food crop uses cancelled USA, 1989

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen, suspect mutagen, teratogen, fetotoxin, immunotoxin

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for fish; low to high for bees; low to medium for birds and earthworms

long-term toxicity: plants - increased incidence of gall in cherry trees

common trade names: Acme Garden Fungicide; Aliette Extra (with fosetyl-al & thiabendazole); Captaf; captane (France); Captanex; D-264 Plus Captan; Drexel Captan; Drexel Captan Plus Molybdenum; Merpan; Orthocide Garden Fungicide; SR 406; Stauufer Captan 80; Voncaptan

CAS # 133-06-2

carbaryl

chemical class: carbamate
principal use: insecticide, acaricide, molluscicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; fetotoxin; suspect viral enhancer; decreased fertility from ovary and testes damage through successive generations

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: extremely toxic for bees, earthworms;
very high for fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects;
high to very high for aquatic worms;
low to medium for birds;
plants - toxic to some, chromosome damage in some

long-term toxicity: birds - may affect breeding success; fish - may affect reproduction, increased vulnerability to predation, affects swimming capacity

transformation products: 1-naphthol; nitrosocarbaryl (from reaction with nitric acid often present in air, soil, and saliva when carbaryl is ingested)

common trade names: Arylam; Bercema NMC50; Carpolin; Crag Sevin; Dicarbam; Dyna-carbyl; Germain's; Hexavin; Karbatox 75; Menaphtham; Nac; Pomex; Ravyon; Sevin; Sok; Tercyl; Tricarnam; UC 7744; Vioxan; Zrylam

CAS # 63-25-2

chloroneb

chemical class: organochlorine
principal use: fungicide

long-term effects on mammals: kidney and liver damage; blood cell, spleen, and bone marrow damage
transformation product: cumulative; carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; chloracne; thymic atrophy; hirsutism; affects vitamin A balance in liver and kidney

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium for fish and crustaceans; low for birds
transformation product: very high for birds and amphibians

transformation product: TCDD

common trade names: chloronebe (France); Demosam (with thiram); Soil Fungicide 1823; Teremec; Terraneb; Tersan SP Turf Fungicide

CAS # 2675-77-6

chlorothalonil

chemical class: benzonitrile
principal use: fungicide

detected in groundwater
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen; hyperexcitability; skin damage; eye damage; kidney damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for fish and aquatic organisms; low to medium for birds; low for bees; toxic to some plants

transformation product: 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophtalonitrile

common trade names: Blazon; Bravo; Bravo C/M; Bravocarb (with carbendazim); chlorothalonil; Clortocar Ramato; Clortosip (with copper oxychloride & maneb); Dacobre; Daconil 2787; Exotherm; Exotherm Termil; Forturf; Nopocide; Termil

CAS # 1897-45-6

chlorpyrifos

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide; virtually all homeowner uses of chlorpyrifos are banned in the U.S. as of December 31, 2001

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: cumulative; fetotoxin; delayed neurotoxin; sterility and impotence in bulls

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity very high for: molluscs, fish, crustaceans, bees, aquatic insects;
high to very high for birds;
low to high for amphibians

long-term toxicity: birds - leg weakness, delayed neurotoxicity; fish - affects growth; crustaceans - affects reproduction and equilibrium; toxic to some plants

transformation product: pyridinol

common trade names: Dursban; Dowco 179; Lepister (with flucythrinate); Lorsban; Pyrinex; Salut (with dimethoate)

CAS # 2921-88-2

2,4-D

chemical class: phenoxy
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; suspect fetotoxin; immunotoxin; toxic injury to liver, kidney, and central nervous system

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to very high for fish, crustaceans;
low to high for birds, non-target insects;
low to medium for amphibians, bees; medium for molluscs;
low for soil organisms

long-term toxicity: birds - can affect egg production;
fish - cumulative;
amphibians - inhibits frog egg development;
crustaceans - may significantly reduce population;
molluscs - reduction in population, cumulative;
plants - leaf malformation;
soil organisms - may inhibit growth;
can favor growth of insects and pathogens

transformation products: 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 1,3,7-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 1,3,7,9-tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin; TCDD; 2,4-dichlorophenol

common trade names: Agricorn D; Agrotect; Amidox; Cloroxone; College Brand Weed Killer; Ded-Weed Aero Ester; Demise; Dicotox; Dinoxol; Dymec; Esteron 44; Fersone; Green Cross Amine 80; Hormotox; Lawn-Keep; Lithane; Miracle; Niagara Am Sol; Plantgard; Raid Weed Killer; Weedone; Weed-B-Gon; (many other names)

CAS # 94-75-7

DCPA

chemical class: phthalate
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen; suspect teratogen
contaminant (TCDD): cumulative; carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; chloracne; thymic atrophy; hirsutism; affects vitamin A balance in liver and kidney
contaminant (hexachlorobenzene): cumulative; carcinogen; teratogen; fetotoxin; liver damage; nerve damage; thyroid damage; immunotoxin; porphyria cutanea tarda; crosses placenta

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for bees; low to medium for birds
contaminant (TCDD): very high for birds and amphibians
contaminant (hexachlorobenzene): low to medium for fish

long-term toxicity:
contaminant (hexachlorobenzene): biomagnification;
birds - reduced hatchability; reproductive damage; liver damage;
fish - cumulative; liver and kidney damage;
crustaceans - cumulative

contaminants: TCDD; hexachlorobenzene

common trade names: chlorthal dimethyl; DAC 893; Dacthal; Decimate (with propachlor)

CAS # 1861-32-1

diazinon

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide; banned from use on golf courses and turf farms in USA

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect mutagen; fetotoxin; suspect neurotoxin; allergic dermatitis; conjunctivitis; immunotoxin

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for birds, fish, amphibians, crustaceans, bees, aquatic insects;
toxic to some plants

long-term toxicity: birds - teratogen

transformation products: sulfoTEPP; TEPP

common trade names: Bug-B-Gon; Spectracide; AG 500; Alfa-Tox; Basudin; Dazzel; Diazajet; Diazatol; Diazide; Diazinon; Diazitol; Diazol; dimpylate; Dipofene; G 24480; GardenTox; Knox Out 2FM; Neocidol; Nipsan; Sarolex

CAS # 333-41-5

dicamba

chemical class: organochlorine
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for fish; low to medium for crustaceans; medium for birds

transformation products: 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; dimethylnitrosamine

common trade names: Banex; Banlene-Solo (with ioxynil & dichlorprop); Banvel D; Banvel K (with 2,4-D); Banvel II; Bio Lawn Weedkiller (with 2,4-D & ioxynil); Brush Buster; Dianat; Docklene (with MCPA-sodium); Endox (with mecoprop); Fallow Master (with glyphosate); Fettel (with mecoprop & triclopyr); Herrisol (with MCPA-sodium); Lawnsman (with dichlorprop & MCPA); MDBA; Mediben; Nettle-Ban (with 2,4,5-T & 2,4-D); Super Trimec (with 2,4-D & dichlorprop); Trooper; Weedmaster (with 2,4-D)

CAS # 1918-00-9

endothall

chemical class: phthalate
principal use: herbicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to high for fish; high for crustaceans; medium for aquatic insects

long-term toxicity: bioaccumulates in pond bottom arthropods; fish - damage to liver and testes

common trade names: Accelerate; Aquathol; Des-i-cate; Endothal; endothal (Europe, except Italy); Herbicide 282; Hydout; Hydrothal 47; Hydrothol 191; Niagrathal; Ripenthol; Tri-Endothal

CAS # 129-67-9

ethoprop

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide, nematocide

detected in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect mutagen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for crustaceans; medium to very high for fish; high to very high for birds

common trade names: ethoprophos; Jolt; Mocap; prophos; V-C-9-104

CAS # 13194-48-4

fenamiphos

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: nematocide

detected in groundwater

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for birds; medium to very high for fish; high for bees

common trade names: BAY 68138; Inemacury; Nemacur; Nemacur P; phenamiphos

CAS # 22224-92-6

fenarimol

chemical class: miscellaneous
principal use: fungicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; teratogen; decreased male fertility

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high for fish

common trade names: Bloc; EL-222; Fenzol; Rimidin; Rimidine Plus (with carbendazim & maneb); Rubigan; Transflo

CAS # 60168-88-9

fosetyl-al

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: fungicide

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; degenerative effect on testes; delayed fetal development; changes in urinary tract development

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for birds, fish, and bees

common trade names: Aliette; Aliette Extra (with captan and thiabendazole); Mikal (with folpet); Rhodex (with mancozeb)

CAS # 39148-24-8

isopropylamine salt of glyphosate

chemical class: organophosphate (non-acetocholinesterase inhibitor)
principal use: herbicide

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen (RCC carcinogenicity rating); suspect mutagen
transformation product (formaldehyde): carcinogen; suspect mutagen; liver damage; eye damage from transformation to formic acid
transformation product (N-nitrosoglyphosate): suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen
contaminant of surfactant: carcinogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for bees and birds; low to medium for fish and crustaceans
surfactant: medium to high for fish

long-term toxicity: plants - mutagen

transformation products: formaldehyde; N-nitrosoglyphosate (in contact with nitric acid)
surfactant: polyoxyethyleneamine
contaminant of surfactant: 1,4-dioxane

common trade names - isopropylamine salt of glyphosate: Pondmaster; Rattler; Rodeo; Roundup; Roundup L&G; Shackle; Shacklet C; Spasor; Sting; Vision

common trade names - glyphosate (CAS # 1071-83-6): CP67573; Fallow Master (with dicamba); Landmaster (with 2,4-D); Mon 0573

common trade names - sodium salt of glyphosate (CAS # 70393-85-0): Palado

common trade names - glyphosate trimesium (CAS # 81591-81-3): Touchdown

CAS # 38641-94-0

iprodione

chemical class: amide
principal use: fungicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to medium for birds; medium for fish; low to high for crustaceans

common trade names: Chipko-26019; glycophene; Kidan; Rovral

CAS # 36734-19-7

isazophos

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide, nematocide

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high for birds

common trade names: CGA-12223; Miral; Triumph

CAS # 42509-80-8

isofenphos

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide

detected in groundwater
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: delayed neurotoxicity; irreversible demyelination; paralysis

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for birds; high for fish

long-term toxicity: birds - delayed neurotoxicity

common trade names: Oftanol; Amaze; BAY 9214; BAY SRA 12869; Carma (with carbofuran); Disyston O (with disulfoton); Nemacur O (with fenaminophos); Oftanol Combi (with phoxim); Oftanol T (with thiram)

CAS # 25311-71-1

isoxaben

chemical class: amide
principal use: herbicide

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen

effects on non-target species:

long-term toxicity: birds - reduces hatchability of eggs
fish - bioaccumulates

common trade names: AZ 500; Cent-7; Elset; Flexidor; Gallery; Knock Out; Ratio; Snapshot 80 (with oryzalin); X-Pand

CAS # 82558-50-7

lindane

chemical class: organochlorine
principal use: insecticide; cancelled most uses USA, 1983 (but still being used)

endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: cumulative; carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; hormone damage; testicular damage; immunotoxin; neurotoxin; aplastic anemia; bone marrow damage
transformation product (phosgene gas): lung damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for fish, crustaceans, bees;
high for amphibians, aquatic worms;
medium to high for birds;
low for earthworms;
toxic to some plants and phytoplankton

long-term toxicity: birds - reduced egg production, eggshell thinning;
fish - liver damage, behavioral changes;
amphibians - teratogen;
plants - mutagen

transformation products: hydrogen chloride; hydrochloric acid; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol; benzene; pentachlorobenzene; pentachlorophenol; phosgene gas

common trade names: Aficide; Agrocide; Asparasin; BBH; Bexol; Borer Kill; Detox 25; Forlin; gamma isomer of BHC; gamma-BHC; gamma-HCH (Gr. Britain); Gammaspra; Gammcide; Gexane; Isotox; Jacutin; Kwell; Lindagam; Lindaterra; Lintox

CAS # 58-89-9

malathion

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide

detected in groundwater
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect mutagen; suspect teratogen; delayed neurotoxin; allergic reactions; behavior effects; ulcers, gastrointestinal inflammation; damage to eyesight; abnormal brain waves; immunosuppression

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for bees (nectar of treated plants toxic), amphibians, aquatic insects;
medium to very high for crustaceans;
medium to high for birds, fish;
high for earthworms;
medium for aquatic worms

transformation products: malaoxon; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate

common trade names: AC 4049; Carbofos; Cythion; Cyuthion; EmmatosAC 4049; For-Mal; Fyfanon; Kop-Thion; Kypfos; Malagram; Malakill; Malamar; Malaphos; Malatal; Malathion; Malathiozoo; Malaude; Malmed; mercaptothion (South Africa); MLT; Zithiol

CAS # 121-75-5

mancozeb

chemical class: thiocarbamate
principal use: fungicide; cancelled most products USA, (but still being used)

endocrine disrupting effect

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time
transformation product: carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; increased fluid in skull; thyroid damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high to very high for fish; low to medium for birds; low for bees

long-term toxicity: inhibits germination of pollen in some plants

transformation product: ethylene thiourea (ETU)

common trade names: Acarie; Blecar MN; Crittox MZ; Delsene MX 200 (with carbendazim); Dithane M-45; Fore; FT 2M (with Bordeaux mixture); Fubol (with metalaxyl); Furado; Galben (with benalaxyl); Galben M (with benalaxyl); Mancobleu (with copper oxychloride); Manzate 200; manzeb; Manzin; Mycodifol MZ (with folpet); Rhodex (with fosetyl-al); Tedane Extra (with dicofol & dinocap); Turbair Dicamate (with zineb); Vondozeb

CAS # 8018-01-7

maneb

chemical class: thiocarbamate
principal use: fungicide; cancelled most products USA, (but still being used)

endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect teratogen
transformation product (ETU): carcinogen; suspect mutagen; teratogen; increased fluid in skull; thyroid damage
transformation product (carbon disulfide): neurotoxin; heart damage; fetotoxin; liver and kidney damage; thyroid, adrenal changes
carbon disulfide transforms into carbon tetrachloride: carcinogen; fetotoxin; liver damage; eye damage; kidney damage; testes damage
carbon tetrachloride transforms into phosgene gas: lung damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to medium for bees

transformation products: carbon disulfide, ethylene thiourea (ETU)

common trade names: Bolda (with sulfur & carbendazim); Chem-Neb; Clortosip (with chlorothalonil & copper oxychloride); CR-3029; Delsene M (with carbendazim); Dithane M-22; Kypman 80; Lonocol M; M-Diphar; Maneba; manebe (France); Manebgan; Manebza; Manesan; Manex; Manzate; Manzati; Manzin; MEB; MnEBD; Remasan; Rimidine Plus (with carbendazim & fenarimol); Ronilan M (with vinclozolin); Sopranebe; Stannophus; Sup'R Flo; Tersan LSR; Tersane LSR; Trimangol; Tubothane; Turf Fungicide; Unicrop; Vancide; Zyban

CAS # 12427-38-2

MCPA

chemical class: phenoxy
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect teratogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium for bees; low for birds, fish and fresh water invertebrates

common trade names: Agroxone; Bordermaster; Extra; Hormotuho; Kilsem; Legumex; Lontrel Plus; Mephanac; Metaxon; Methoxane; Rhomene; Rhonox; Shamrox; Springcorn Extra (with dicamba); Springcorn Plus (with dichlorprop); Tetralex-Plus (with dicamba & mecoprop); Tetroxone M (with dichlorprop & bromoxynil & ioxynil); Weed-Rhap LV-4D; Zelan

CAS # 94-74-6

mecoprop

chemical class: phenoxy
principal use: herbicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: mutagen; teratogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for fish; low to medium for bees; medium for birds

common trade names: Brittox (with bromoxynil & ioxynil); Chipco Turf Fungicide MCPP; CMPP; Compitox; Cornox-Plus; Fettel (with dicamba & triclopyr); Herrifex DS; Hymec; Iso-Cornox; Kilprop; Liranox; MCPP; Mecomec; Mecoper; Mecopex; Mepro; Propenex-Plus; Ronstar (with 2,4-D); Trimec (with dicamba & 2,4-D); Vipex

CAS # 7085-19-0

metalaxyl

chemical class: acylalanine
principal use: fungicide

detected in groundwater

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for fish

common trade names: Apron; Fubol (with mancozeb); Proturf; Ridomil; Ridomil Plus (with copper oxychloride); Subdue

CAS # 57837-19-1

MSMA

chemical class: organic form of arsenic (arsenic combined with carbon and hydrogen)
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater

long-term effects on mammals: toxic hepatitis

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to medium for fish

long-term toxicity: may accumulate in plants

common trade names: Check Mate; Herb-All; Merge 823; monosodium methanearsonate; Quadmec (with 2,4-D & dicamba & mecoprop); Silvisar; Target MSMA; Trans-Vert

CAS # 2163-80-6

oryzalin

chemical class: dinitroaniline
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to medium for birds; medium for fish

common trade names: Dirimal; Dirimal Extra (with diuron); EL-119; Rycelan; Ryzelan; Snapshot 80 (with isoxaben); Surflan

CAS # 19044-88-3

oxadiazon

chemical class: miscellaneous
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to medium for bees, birds, and fish; medium to high for crustaceans

common trade names: Ronstar; RP 17623

CAS # 19666-30-9

PCNB

chemical class: organochlorine
principal use: fungicide; cancelled most products USA, 1982 (but still being used)

long-term effects on mammals: suspect mutagen
transformation products: cumulative

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium for birds; very high for fish

transformation products: pentachloroaniline; pentachlorophenylmethylsulfide
contaminants: pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene

common trade names: Avicol; Botrilex; Brassicol; Earthcide; Folosan; Kobu; Kobutol; Pentagen; PKhNB (USSR); quintozene; Terrachlor; terraclor (Turkey); Tilcarex; Tri-PCNB; Tritisan

CAS # 82-68-8

pendimethalin

chemical class: dinitroaniline
principal use: herbicide

detected in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: high for fish and crustaceans; low for birds

transformation product: N-nitrosopendimethalin

common trade names: AC 92553; Accotab; Go-Go-San; Halts Crabgrass Preventer; Herbadox; Horbadox; HQ Crabgrass Preventer; Lawn Pro; Ornamental Herbicide II (OH2) (with oxyfluorfen); Pendulum; Pre-M; Prowl; Southern Weedgrass Control; Sipaxol; Squadron (with imazaquin); Stomp; Super Turf Builder Plus Halts; Turf Builder Plus Halts; Way Up; Weedgrass Control

CAS # 40487-42-1

permethrin

chemical class: pyrethroid
principal use: insecticide, acaricide

detected in surface water
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: blood damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for fish and marine invertebrates; toxic to bees; practically non-toxic to birds

common trade names: Ambush; Atroban; Bio Flydown; Corsair; Dragon; Ectiban; Expar; Gard-Star; Hard-Hitter; Insectiban; Jureong; Kafil; Nix; Over-Time; Permectrin; Pounce; Quamlin; Rondo; Stockade; Tornade; Torpedo

CAS # 52645-53-1

pronamide

chemical class: amide
principal use: herbicide; cancelled most uses USA, 1979 (but still being used)

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; liver damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low for bees, birds, and fish

transformation product: N-nitrosamide

common trade names: Clanex; Kerb; Kerb Mix; Matrikerb (with clopyralid); Kerb-50-W; propyzamide; RH-315; Siden (with simazine)

CAS # 23950-58-5

propoxur

chemical class: carbamate
principal use: insecticide

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: carcinogen; suspect mutagen; learning disability

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for birds, crustaceans, aquatic insects, aquatic worms;
high for fish, bees;
medium for amphibians

long-term toxicity: toxic to some plants

transformation product: n-nitroso propoxur

common trade names: aprocarb; arprocarb; BAY 39007; Baygon Spray (with dichlorvos & cyfluthrin); Blattanex Residual Spray (with dichlorvos); Boygon; Brygou; Chemagro 9010; Isocarb; o-IMPC; PHC; Raid Ant and Roach Killer; Raid Wasp and Hornet Killer; Sendran; Suncide; Tat Ant Trap; Unden

CAS # 114-26-1

simazine

chemical class: triazine
principal use: herbicide, soil sterilant

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: testes, kidneys, liver and thyroid damage; disturbances in sperm production

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium to high for aquatic insects;
low to high for molluscs;
low to medium for fish;
low for bees and birds

common trade names: Amizine (with amitrole); Aquazine; Batazina; Caliber 90; CDT; CET; Derby (with metolachlor); Fertilome Winterizer for Southern Grasses; Fertilome Weed and Feed Special; Framed; Gesatop; Herbazin; Herbex; Herbox; Herboxy; Hungazin DT; Premazine; Primatol S; Princep; Princep DF; Printop; Radocon; Simadex; Simazine; Zeapur

CAS # 122-34-9

thiophanate methyl

chemical class: carbamate
principal use: fungicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: decreased body weight of newborn
transformation product: suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen; testes damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for earthworms; medium to high for fish; low for birds
transformation product: very toxic for earthworms; low to high for fish; low for birds

transformation product: carbendazim

common trade names: Cercobin M; Ditek; Fungo; Hitrun (with vinclozolin); Labilite; Mildothane; NF-44; TD-1881; Thiophanate M; Topsin M; Zyban

CAS # 23564-05-8

thiram

chemical class: thiocarbamate
principal use: fungicide, animal repellant

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: cumulative; suspect mutagen; teratogen; liver damage
transformation product: carcinogen; mutagen; liver damage

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium to high for birds and fish; medium for bees

long-term toxicity: birds - excess build-up of cartilage in legs; reproductive damage
plants - suspect mutagen
transformation product: molluscs - may cause reproductive and gastrointestinal damage

transformation product: N-nitrosodimethylamine

related compound: disulfiram - Antabuse; deters alcohol ingestion; ethyl analogue of thiram - suspect teratogen; liver damage; see warning of exposure to thiram before or after alcohol ingestion

common trade names: Accelerator Thiuram; Aules Chipco Thiram 75; Cyuram DS; Deksan; Ekagom TV; Fernasan; Hexthir; Mercuram; Nobencutan; Panoram; Pomarsol Forte; Royal TMTD; Spotrete; Thioknock; Thirasan; Trameton; Tripomol; Tuads; Tues; Tulisan; Vulcacit MTIC

CAS # 137-26-8

triadimefon

chemical class: triazole
principal use: fungicide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium for birds; low to medium for fish

common trade names: Amiral; BAY ME B6447; Bayleton; Bayleton Total (with carbendazim); Bayleton Triple (with captafol & carbendazim)

CAS # 43121-43-3

trichlorfon

chemical class: organophosphate
principal use: insecticide

listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen; suspect teratogen; fetotoxin; bone marrow and liver damage; immunotoxin

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for aquatic insects and aquatic worms;
high to very high for birds;
medium to very high for crustaceans;
medium to high for fish;
medium for bees

long-term toxicity: plants - suspect mutagen

transformation product: dichlorvos

common trade names: Anthon; BAY L 13/59; Bovinox; Briten; Cekufon; chlorofos (former USSR); Ciclosam; Danex; Denkaphon; Dipterex; Diptetes; Ditrifon; Equino-Acid; Leivasom; metrifonate; Neguvon; Proxol; trichlorofon; Trinex; Tugon

CAS # 52-68-6

triclopyr

chemical class: organochlorine
principal use: herbicide

detected in groundwater
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: medium for birds; low to high for fish; low for crustaceans

common trade names: Broadshot (with dicamba and 2,4-D); Chaser (with 2,4-D); Crossbow; Dowco 233; Fettel (with dicamba and mecoprop); Garlon (also a name for silvex); Garlon 3A; Garlon 4; Herbaron B (with dicamba and mecoprop); Redeem; Turflon; Turflon II Amine (with 2,4-D)

CAS # 55335-06-3

trifluralin

chemical class: dinitroaniline
principal use: herbicide, cancelled most uses USA, 1982 (but still being used)

detected in groundwater, and in surface water
endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: suspect carcinogen; suspect mutagen; suspect teratogen; fetotoxin
contaminant: carcinogen; mutagen

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: very high for amphibians; high to very high for fish and crustaceans;
medium for aquatic insects; low to medium for bees; low for birds

contaminant: N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine

common trade names: All American Crabgrass Preventer Plus Lawn Food (with benefin); Buckle (with triallate); Cannon (with alachlor); Carpidor; Commence (with clomazone); Fertilome Crabgrass Preventer Plus Lawn Food (with benefin); Green Light First Down Crabgrass Control (with benefin); Greenskote (with benefin); Hi-Yield Crabgrass Preventer (with benefin); Ipersan; Janus; Laurel; Lextra (with linuron); Mudekan; Preen; Salute (with metribuzin); Setre XL 2G (with benefin); Su Seguro Cardidor; Team (with benefin); Trefanocide; Treficon; Treflan; trifluraline (France)

CAS # 1582-09-8

vinclozolin

chemical class: amide
principal use: fungicide

endocrine disrupting effect
listed on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory

long-term effects on mammals: unknown at this time

effects on non-target species:

immediate toxicity: low to medium for birds; low for fish

common trade names: BAS-3520; Hitrun (with thiophanate-methyl); Konker (with carbendazim); Ornalin; Ronilan; Ronilan M (with maneb); Ronilan S Combi (with sulfur) Ronilan Spezial (with chlorothalonil); Silbos (with thiram); Vorlan

CAS # 50471-44-8

Benzimidazole Organochlorine Thiocarbamate

Benzonitrile Organophosphate Triazine

Botanicals Phenoxy Triazole

Carbamate Phthalate

Selected Chemical Classes of Pesticides

This section provides more information on the effects of several chemical classes of pesticides on mammals (humans and warm-blooded animals) so poisoning can be recognized. They are the reactions that can occur, in varying degrees of severity. Not all would be likely to occur in any one case. Immediate effects can also include death in severe cases. For complete information on chemical classes and their effects please refer to the Basic Guide to Pesticides.

Organochlorine (Chlorinated hydrocarbons)

examples of pesticides in this class: aldrin, benzene hexachloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, chloroneb, chloropicrin, 4-CPA, D-D, DBCP, DDD, DDE, DDT, dicamba, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, fenac, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorophene, lindane, methoxychlor, mirex, paradichlorobenzene, PCB, PCNB, pentachlorophenol, tetrachloroethylene, toxaphene, triclopyr

mode of action: Interferes with transmissions of nerve impulses across axons disrupting primarily the central nervous system.

immediate effects: Convulsions (may occur for several days after exposure); uncoordination; induces rapid metabolism of drugs and naturally occurring steroid hormones; hypersensitivity of skin or face and extremities; headache; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; tremors; confusion; muscle weakness; involuntary eye movements; slurred speech; pain in chest and joints; skin rash; labored breathing; central nervous system stimulation followed by depression; diarrhea; brain wave disturbances; hyperthermia; hypertension; salivation; sweating.

long-term effects: Cumulative; transfers through placenta to fetus; found in mother's milk; carcinogens; suspect teratogens; suspect mutagens; fetotoxins; aplastic anemia; "reproductive effects"; testicular damage; eye damage; affects hormone levels; central nervous system damage; bladder, kidney, liver, lung and thyroid damage; blood and spleen damage; anemia; recurrent asthma; irregular hearbeat; atrophy of adrenal cortex; behavior changes in young of mother exposed at even low levels during pregnancy; embryotoxin; decreased fertility; immunotoxin; abnormal brain waves; increased mortality in young; teratogens; porphyria cutanea tarda; sleep disturbance; hallucinations.

environmental effects: Bioaccumulate; persistent; many are volatile, traveling long distances in the atmosphere and settling in distant locations; decreased fertility in birds; egg-shell thinning in birds; groundwater contaminants.

Organophosphate

examples of pesticides in this class: acephate, acephate-met, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, bensulide, chlorpyrifos, cythioate, diazinon, dichlorvos, dimethoate, ethoprop, fenamiphos, fosetyl-al, glyphosate, isazophos, isofenphos, malathion, methyl parathion, monocrotofos, naled, omethoate, parathion, phosmet, ronnel, sulfoTEPP, temephos, TEPP, trichlorfon, vamidothion

mode of action: Acetocholinesterase inhibitor, damaging nerve function, except for glyphosate.

immediate effects: Behavioral disturbances; uncoordination; muscle twitching; headache; dizziness; nausea; anxiety; irritability; loss of memory; sleep pattern change; restlessness; weakness; tremor; abdominal cramps; diarrhea; sweating; salivation; tearing; excessive nasal discharge; blurred vision; constriction of pupil; slowed heartbeat; confusion; incontinence; hypertension.

long-term effects: Delayed neurotoxicity ["...tingling and burning sensations in the limb extremities followed by weakness in the lower limbs and ataxia. This progresses to paralysis, which in several cases, affect the upper limbs also...Recovery is seldom complete in adults; with the passage of time the clinical picture changes from flaccid to a spastic type paralysis" WHO (1986, p. 59)]; some are cumulative; persistent anorexia; weakness; malaise; nerve damage via destruction of myelin sheath around nerve fibers; carcinogens; mutagens; fetotoxins; hormonal inhibition; eye damage; suspect mutagens; suspect carcinogens; sterility and impotence; embryotoxins; suspect teratogens; immunotoxins; indication of bone marrow damage and aplastic anemia; kills white blood cells; sperm and other reproductive abnormalities; suspect viral enhancers; ulcers; abnormal brain waves; reduced protein synthesis in fetus; liver damage; kidney damage; suppressed antibody production; decreased auditory attention, visual memory, problem solving, balance, and dexterity.

environmental effects: Responsible for the deaths of large numbers of birds on turf and in agriculture; affect breeding success in birds; embryotoxins in birds; can change feeding habits in birds. Surface water contaminants.

Carbamate

examples of pesticides in this class: aldicarb, asulam, barban, bendiocarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, dioxacarb, diram, ethiofencarb, fosamine ammonium, methiocarb, methomyl, propham, propoxur, thiophanate ethyl, thiophanate methyl, trimethacarb

mode of action: Inhibits acetocholinesterase and so damages nerve function.

immediate effects: Sensory and behavioral disturbances; uncoordination; depressed motor functions; malaise; muscle weakness; dizziness; sweating; headache; salivation; nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain; slurred speech; difficult breathing; blurred vision; muscle twitching; spasms; convulsions; diarrhea; depression of cholinesterases even more prominently in fetus; skin sensitization.

long-term effects: Memory loss; behavioral defects; suspect mutagens; mutagens; carcinogens; cataracts; suspect carcinogens; teratogens; spleen, bone marrow, liver and testes damage; reduced sperm levels; fetotoxins; suspect viral enhancers; increased organ weights; decreased body weights; anemia; decreased hemoglobin; decreased fertility from ovary and testes damage; may convert to N-nitroso compounds in soil and in vivo with saliva.

environmental effects: Can disrupt schooling behavior of fish; teratogens in fish; toxic to earthworms (thiophanate methyl); reduction in earthworm and invertebrate populations (WHO 1986, pp. 56-57); groundwater contaminants.

Phenoxy

examples of pesticides in this class: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T (Agent Orange), CNP, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPP, mecoprop, silvex

mode of action: Act as synthetic growth hormones in plants; in animals it is poorly understood.

immediate effects: Skin and mucous membrane irritation; dizziness with prolonged inhalation; vomiting; chest pain; diarrhea; headache; confusion; muscular stiffness; unconsciousness; increased acidity of blood; hyperventilation; nerve damage; brain wave changes; eye irritation; swelling of extremities; incontinence; sweating; stupor; respiratory depression.

long-term effects: Carcinogens; heart, liver, and kidney damage; delayed fetal development; suspect mutagens; teratogens; fetotoxins; anorexia; ulceration of mouth and throat; immunotoxin; nerve damage. Several pesticides in this class are contaminated with dioxins.

environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants.

Triazine

examples of pesticides in this class: ametryn, anilazine, atrazine, chlorinated isocyanurates, cyanazine, promaton, promatryn, propazine, simazine, terbutryn

mode of action: May disturb the metabolism of vitamins.

immediate effects: Skin and eye irritation; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; muscular weakness; salivation.

long-term effects: Carcinogens; suspect mutagens; immunotoxin; adrenal damage; kidney and urinary tract stone formation; teratogens; lung damage; suspect fetotoxins; liver and kidney damage; disturbances in sperm production.

environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants.

Amide

examples of pesticides in this class: acetochlor, alachlor, benzadox, butachlor, butam, carboxim, CDAA, chlordimeform, cycloheximide, DEET, fomesafen, iprodione, isoxaben, metalachlor, pronamide, propachlor, propanil, vinclozolin

mode of action: Not fully understood.

immediate effects: Skin irritant and sensitizer; irritating to eyes and respiratory tract; nausea; headache; uncoordination; stiffness of movement; salivation; tremors; muscle weakness, sensitivity to light.

long-term effects: Chloracne via dioxin contamination (propanil); carcinogens; mutagens; irreversible eye damage; kidney and liver damage; suspect teratogens; immunotoxins; cardiovascular effects; embryotoxins; sperm damage.

environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants, N-nitroso contaminants.

Benzimidazole

examples of pesticides in this class: benomyl, carbendazim, fenazaflor, thiabendazole

mode of action: Interferes with cellular respiration.

immediate effects: Dizziness; nausea; vomiting; tremors; convulsions; decreased respiratory rate; lethargy; pupil dilation; eye irritation.

long-term effects: Defective or incomplete development of bone marrow; suspect carcinogens; suspect mutagens; testicular damage; mutagens; anemia; teratogens; liver damage; reduced sperm; blood damage.

environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants.

Benzonitrile

examples of pesticides in this class: bromoxynil, chlorothalonil, dichlobenil, ioxynil

mode of action: May be due to uncoupling of oxydative phosphorylation and inhibiting of electron transport, with inhibition of some enzymes.

immediate effects: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes; dermatitis;
Bromoxynil: dizziness; elevation of some enzymes; headache; hyperthermia; muscle pain; thirst; vomiting; weakness; weight loss; anorexia.
Chlorothalonil: hyperexcitability.
Ioxynil: excess blood in all organs; edema of lungs and brain.

long-term effects: Carcinogens; teratogen; skin, eye, and kidney damage;
Chlorothalonil: growth suppression; pre- and postnatal damage; kidney destruction.
Suspected - dichlobenil: anorexia; blood in urine; kidney damage; liver damage; reproductive changes with postnatal damage.

environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants.

Dinitroaniline

examples of pesticides in this class: benefin, butralin, dinitramine, ethafluralin, isopropalin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, trifluralin

mode of action: Interfere with cell respiration.

immediate effects: Skin and eye irritation.

long-term effects: Cataracts; suspect mutagen; liver and kidney damage; carcinogens; teratogens; fetotoxins.

environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants.

Phthalate

examples of pesticides in this class: captafol, captan, DCPA, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, endothall, folpet

mode of action: Interfere with cell respiration.

immediate effects: Skin, eye and respiratory tract irritants; hypothermia; irritability; listlessness; blood in urine; death due to heart or lung failure; convulsions; may depress central nervous system.

long-term effects: Skin sensitizers; anorexia; carcinogens; mutagens; teratogens; fetotoxins; immunotoxins; testicular atrophy.

environmental effects: unknown at this time

Pyrethroid

examples of pesticides in this class: allethrin, bioresmethrin, cismethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, fluvalinate, permethrin, resmethrin, synthetic pyrethrum and/or pyrethrins

mode of action: Pyrethroids inhibit sodium and potassium conduction in nerve cells and block nerve impulse transmission. Many times pyrethroids are mixed with piperonyl butoxide in formulations.

immediate effects: Symptoms similar to DDT poisoning (see organochlorine).
T-syndrome: tremors; exaggerated startle response; hyperthermia.
CS-syndrome: excessive writhing and salivation; decreased startle response; increase in adrenalin and blood sugar.
Other possible effects: convulsions; diarrhea; headache; vomiting; labored breathing; excessive nasal mucous discharge; irritability; sweating; sudden swelling of face, eyelids, lips, mouth, and throat tissues; hay-fever like symptoms; elevated pulse.

long-term effects: Suspect mutagens; suspect teratogens; suspect carcinogens; immunotoxins; decreased hormone release from brain; some may be cumulative.

environmental effects: Highly toxic to fish, bees, and aquatic arthropods.

Thiocarbamate

examples of pesticides in this class: amobam, butylate, cartap, CDEC, diallate, disulfiram, EPTC, ethiolate, ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metam sodium, metiram, nabam, thiram, triallate, vernolate, zineb, ziram

mode of action: Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is essential in conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid.

immediate effects: Skin, eye and respiratory tract irritants; skin sensitizers; hyperactivity; central nervous system depression; bloody diarrhea; general weakness.

Thiram is the methyl analog of disulfiram, used in drug therapy for alcoholics. In combination with alcohol, disulfiram quickly induces flushing, restlessness, anxiety, headache, nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, constriction sensation in the neck, chest pain, sweating, thirst, weakness, vertigo, and possible circulatory collapse, coma, and death. These reactions may occur when thiram and alcohol exposure coincide.

long-term effects: Protein-deficient animals are more susceptible to toxicity of some thiocarbamates; carcinogens; mutagens; delayed neurotoxicity; testicular and ovarian effects; kidney damage; sperm damage; teratogen; fetotoxin; anemia. Ethylene thiourea (ETU), a transformation product of some thiocarbamates, is characterized as a carcinogen, mutagen, teratogen, and goiterogen (causes thyroid damage).

environmental effects: ETU is a groundwater contaminant.

Triazole

examples of pesticides in this class: amitrole, flusilazole, triadimefon

mode of action: Inhibition of liver enzymes.

immediate effects: unknown at this time

long-term effects: Carcinogens; suspect mutagens; may affect growth rate; goiter producing; fetotoxins; liver damage.

Botanicals -- Pyrethrum, Rotenone, Ryania, and Sabadilla

Pyrethrum

mode of action: Blocks nerve impulse transmission.

immediate effects: Skin irritation; asthmatic reactions (those with asthma problems should avoid pyrethrum use, high doses yield tremors, ataxia, labored breathing, and salivation); numbness of lips and tongue; vomiting; diarrhea; headache; uncoordination; stupor. Allergic reactions as from other Compositae such as ragweed and chrysanthemum.

long-term effects: Piperonyl butoxide, carbamates, and organophosphates may be combined with pyrethrum in various formulations. These added ingredients may result in symptoms listed under the appropriate class description.

environmental effects: Highly toxic to fish and bees.

Rotenone

mode of action: Inhibits cell respiration and blocks conduction of nerve impulses.

immediate effects: Numbness of mouth and tongue; nausea; vomiting; gastric pain; muscle tremors; uncoordination; irritation of skin and respiratory tract; respiratory stimulation followed by depression and death.

long-term effects: May be mixed with piperonyl butoxide in various formulations resulting in symptoms of that compound; suspect carcinogen; suspect teratogen; suspect fetotoxin; liver and kidney damage.

Ryania

immediate effects: Retraction of eyes into socket; vomiting; weakness; diarrhea; slow deep breathing; salivation; central nervous system depression; coma; death due to respiratory failure.

Sabadilla

mode of action: Similar to that of digitalis.

immediate effects: Irritating to upper respiratory tract and skin; vomiting; headache; giddiness; weakness; twitching; convulsions; hypothermia; death due to respiratory or cardiovascular failure.