There is another reason for changing the meaning of 'tower' to pillars, but this is a little more complex. It may be recalled that in verse four of Chapter eleven of Genesis, the people who built Babel were in effect suggesting the building of a memorial. In several times and places, later in scripture, many of the early Israelites built memorials of significant events, but they did so by erecting stone pillars. The erection of stone pillars as memorials seems to be a cultural trait, with particular regard to the characters in the Bible. In Genesis Ch 28, vs 18 and 22 there is a record of Jacob erecting a stone as a memorial, and he even calls the place by a similar name to Babel. In verse seventeen he calls the place 'the gate of heaven'. However, this is not Babel, it is a different time and story entirely, only the events are similar. Moses, one of the most famous characters, came much later in time than Babel, and we see him erecting a kind of monument made of twelve 'pillars' as part of a religious memorial. (Exodus Chp 24 verse 4) See Joshua Chapter 4 V 9, and v 20 where another such incident is described. The story of Joshua is part of Israel's history, and also comes much later in time than Babel, yet here we see the erection of twelve stones, one for each of the tribes, to commemorate the crossing into the promised land. The size of the stones is not mentioned, but the scribe notes they 'remain to this day' (Josh Ch 4 v 9), the impression given that a long period of time had elapsed, that the stones were still there. We can conclude that the stones were large ones, or they would not have 'remained' for long. There are other such incidences described elsewhere. ppppp

The erection of pillars appears to be a cultural trait, or tradition, of the early Biblical patriarchs, and if this is so, then we may expect that they would have acquired such a tradition from their forebears. The forebears of Abraham were the builders of Babel. (See genealogy in Genesis 11, from Babel through to Abram, who was later renamed as Abraham, who was the forefather of those mentioned above, who erected pillars as memorials.) The genealogy of scripture provides a continuity between the builders of Babel and the later 'erectors of pillars'. The tradition of erecting pillars is seen as originating with Babel. From this observation, we may deduce that the builders of Babel started that cultural trait, and that the monument at Babel would have been similarly built, that is to say, it would have been a memorial made of vertical stone pillars. ppppp It is also noted that the erection of vertical stone pillars is a cultural trait of the Neolithic peoples of western Europe.

It is a known fact that many of these Neolithic structures were aligned with the heavens, and details of the alignments can be found in many books on Neolithic archaeology. We may also observe that, in the context of the Biblical narrative of Babel, the structure was the first to be built after the flood. ppppp We need not concern ourselves here with the vexed question of the reality of Noah's flood, that is for later, or for others to discuss. Here we need only note that in the context of the scriptural story of Babel, the entire planet had been recently wiped clean of any trace of humanity. Babel, and the enigmatic 'place of pillars' would be seen as the first, and at the time the only, man made structure visible on the planet. If it still existed today, it would be very, very old. It would be older than any other structure, older than the pyramids, older than the Bible, older than anything made by man except for the remains of Noah's Ark. It follows from this that the supposed 'City' or town, which was made of mud brick, would have turned to dust long ago. No trace of the city would remain. Only the pillars stood a chance of remaining, and then only if they consisted of large and durable stones. The thought then occurred to me that it was built to last. The scripture reports its supposed purpose, as a memorial, to make a name for the builders, lest they be forgotten. They seemed to have had some prescient foreknowledge of their fate, 'Lest we be scattered', as indeed they were. If it was built to last, and if it were built of durable stone, then it seemed to me to be at least possible that it might still exist, or some trace of it might still remain. It might even be known to modern archaeology, but if so, it would be under a different name. The thought entered my head that I might be able to find it. ppppp Babel was built by a group of people shortly after a global catastrophe that had wiped the Earth clean. No matter what their previous technological capabilities, these survivors of the catastrophe would have been reduced to a primitive, Neolithic condition. They may have retained knowledge, but they would have lost any prior industrial infrastructure. We might expect that Babel would have been constructed using primitive tools and methods. Were it to exist today, it would possibly show signs of having been so constructed. In other words, it would look primitive, it would look Neolithic. ppppp

I decided to review everything I had deduced about the structure, and list all those properties that might help to identify it. I had very little to work with, only the Bible, which was no more than mythology, according to all the experts. I felt sure that the structure would be monumental, in keeping with its declared function as a memorial. It would be something that would attract attention, something splendid, at least when it was new. It was intended to 'make a name' for the builders. A mere pile of rubble would not do that. I considered that it might be Neolithic, and it was almost certain that if it did exist to this day, it would be regarded as Neolithic by modern science. pppp I also had to consider the attitude of the Mighty Ones, as reported in the text. They seemed to think the structure was very significant, dangerous even. It was something more than mere idolatry. Men are always building places of worship for idols, and the world is full of pagan temples. God never seems to bother much with such places. There was something about Babel that was more significant than a pagan temple, and it seemed to me, again, in context with the narrative, that it may have been a repository for antediluvian knowledge, and that thought served to explain the enigmatic statement that the 'top' connected with the heavens. It could connect in a mathematical or symbolic sense, but not in a physical sense. After all, when Noah embarked on the ark, he took with him all that he was told to take. He took his family, his wife, his sons and their wives. He took all the animals, two by two, and we can only assume he took along enough in the way of provisions, food, water, and fodder, to last for the duration. He would have packed many things that were not mentioned in scripture, if it were a real story. He would have taken all sorts of trivial things, like a means to make fire to cook his dinner, just as an example. There is something else he would have taken, could not avoid taking. He and his family, all eight people on the boat, would by necessity have taken all their knowledge acquired over a long lifetime. Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth, (Or so it is claimed by scripture, see Gen Ch 7 v 6), and it is possible to learn a lot of scientific knowledge in six hundred years.

Certainly, under the imposed condition that the context is true, Noah would have taken antediluvian science onto the ark, and would still have it when he built Babel after the flood. (Noah lived for three hundred and fifty years after the flood, see Gen Ch 9 v 28) This observation was supported by my attempt at translation, that it had a ground plan layout that somehow connected with, or mapped, some part of the 'Heavens'. A monument that contained advanced knowledge would certainly be an anachronism, and could be seen as unwelcome by some putative 'God', but I could not quite understand how it would lead on to the builders being able to do whatever they imagined. Perhaps the translation should read "If they can do this, they can do anything, we'd better intervene" or words to that effect. I mean that the confusion of languages was not imposed to stop them building what must have been almost completed, but to stop them from doing even worse things. In short, they were reduced to confusion, not as a punishment for what they had done, but to prevent them from doing whatever it was they "imagined" to do afterwards. If the Mighty Ones had disapproved of the actual structure, they could surely have destroyed it. Fortunately they didn't. I considered that there was a good chance that some trace of it might still exist, and decided to give some thought to a possible location. I reasoned that if I found it, I could identify it in a positive manner by extracting new, advanced knowledge from it. One would not expect to extract new knowledge about the heavens from a primitive structure. If I could learn something new, not previously known to science, then I would have proven the case and identified Babel. The problem was I had no idea how to go about it, not at that time, but I persevered anyway. There were some indicators in scripture that point to a general location, many I have already mentioned. It was built on a plain, somewhere in Europe, possibly, or one might say, probably, in the area of Neolithic culture, which was western and northwestern Europe. Europe is a large place, and there are many areas of land that could be called 'plains'. There are many Neolithic structures, all of large upright stones, all could be described as 'Places of pillars'. A very great number of them have some form of primitive alignment to the heavens. I felt sure I was on the right track, but I needed something much more precise if I was ever to obtain a positive identification. I returned to the text of the narrative, looking for some clue that would narrow down the search area.

My attention focussed on an enigmatic statement in verse five of Genesis chapter ten. 'By these were the isles of the gentiles divided...' This struck me as odd. The term 'gentile' literally means a Greek, and there were no Greeks in the time of Babel. It also means 'Non-Jew', but there were no Jews in the days of Babel, and hence no need for a word meaning 'Non-Jew'. It is true that the text was written long after the events it claimed to describe, but surely the scribe would have been familiar with Jewish history ? He must surely have known he was using an anachronism ? I saw here a clue, a superfluous and anachronistic reference to islands of Greeks, or non-Jews. The only other possibility was perhaps the scribe was referring to islands that would become Non-Jewish in the time period during which the scribe was writing. Even this alternative was enigmatic. There are not, and there never were, any islands that could be called 'Jewish'. So again there was no need for reference to islands of gentiles. ALL islands are 'of the Gentiles' and always have been. A look at a map of Europe and the middle East will quickly reveal that there are not many islands to choose from. There are the Mediterranean islands and there are the British Isles. That is about all there are in the area covered by the text of scripture. It seems there is limited choice of islands. If the term 'Gentile' meant 'Greek', then the verse seems rather meaningless, the Greek Islands are all very small, and boast little in the way of megalithic structures. We could consider the other Mediterranean islands, but apart from Malta, there are not many candidates for Neolithic monuments. Malta is possible, but the scripture uses the plural, 'Isles', so we are looking for a group. The British Isles are the only group of islands that fit the requirements. They are non-Jewish, they are a group, and can be described in the plural, and they are very rich in Neolithic structures. They also lie more-or-less to the west/northwest of Ararat. If the verse in Genesis means anything at all, it appears to be pointing the finger at the British Isles. There are not many others. There are none in the Red sea, none to speak of in the Persian gulf, and certainly none in the deserts of Babylon, modern Iraq. Where else could one look for 'Isles of the Gentiles' ? I decided that the monuments of Britain would be the first to be examined in detail. There are a great many, but most are simple circles, only a few have enough complexity to hide knowledge. Stonehenge was a prime candidate.

I spent some time looking at other places, such as the stone arrays in Brittany, France, but there seemed to be no way of connecting them to the heavens, apart from some rather dubious alignments. All my indicators seemed to point to the British Isles, and the most obvious Neolithic Structure in those islands is Stonehenge. It became necessary for me to study the monument, since to start with I knew very little about it. I visited libraries, and book shops, collecting as much information as I could. I was surprised to find that the 'experts' seem to know very little about it. It was a mystery. Of course, there were guesses, and many theories, but by and large the monument seemed to have the experts stumped.

There are several aspects of Stonehenge which should be pointed out in connection with Babel. Stonehenge is in roughly the right area to accord with the Biblical story, people could have walked here from Ararat in less than ten years, crossing the channel in boats. It isn't as if Stonehenge were in Australia, or on Easter Island, its location would be accessible to the people from Ararat, so it cannot be ruled out on grounds of distance or inaccessibility. Stonehenge is built on a plain, (Salisbury plain) and the scripture describes Babel as being on a plain. (Gen 11 v 2, 'they found a plain and dwelt there') According to archaeologists, Stonehenge was never finished, just like Babel. (Gen 11 v 8 'They left off the building..') Nobody knows exactly how old Stonehenge is, but it could easily be one of the oldest structure on Earth. Stonehenge is a grand structure, and would make a fitting memorial for the builders. It was certainly built to last. It could be described as 'A place of pillars' but not as a 'tower'. It is located in 'Isles of the Gentiles' Perhaps the most telling of all is the archaeological fact, attested to in many books, that Stonehenge has no known precedent. It appears out of the mist of history as a unique structure. There is no verified or proven case for its origin. There it stands, on Salisbury plain, where it has stood for thousands of years, and, though many books have been written about it, and many theories and guesses applied, it still remains a complete mystery to the experts.

SUMMARY of similarities between Babel and Stonehenge. 1] Both very old. 2] Both constructed with primitive tools. 3] Both constructed with primitive methods. 4] Both grand monuments. 5] Both located to West of Ararat. 6] Both built on a plain. 7] Both built to last. 8] Both were unfinished. 9] Both consist of pillars. (Babel probably) 10] Both are unique. 11] Both have no precedent. There is another point to add to the above list, both connect with the heavens. I could not include this point at this stage in my investigation, the full extent of the connection had not emerged. However, it is a known fact that Stonehenge does connect to the heavens in a simple way. The alignment with the summer solstice is well known, as is the use of the Aubrey circle as an eclipse predictor. 12] Both connect to the heavens.

On consideration of all these points, not forgetting references to the Isles of the Gentiles, I concluded that if Babel were to be anywhere, then Stonehenge had to be top of the list of possible candidates. Twelve points of similarity had to mean something. The only way to prove it would be to show that Stonehenge had a ground plan that 'connected with the heavens' and revealed new, verifiable, information about the heavens. This I was able to do....See Stonehenge Equation The information obtained is new, and has been validated many times by professionals. It has been examined by most of the elite scientific institutions in the world, and at over 950 universities. Nobody has yet reported any significant computational error. The mathematics/astronomy is presented in formal manner on 'Astronomical Enigma' The astronomical information is 'stand alone', that is to say, it is unaffected by its origin in an ancient monument. It would remain valid, even if Stonehenge ceased to exist. The material is important in its own right, since it proves beyond doubt that the 'Nebular Hypothesis' is not completely correct. Although I personally consider the case proven, there has been no comment from any of the experts who have examined it, and in the years that have passed since the discovery, I have not been able to publish. Stonehenge is indeed 'A place of pillars whose top elevation (ground plan) connects with the heavens.' In all respects, Stonehenge fits the description of the 'Tower' of Babel.