Casting Impression Evidence

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Topics - Casting Impression Evidence

When to cast rather than photograph

Reclosable Zip-loc Bag Method

Pouring a Cast

Casting Suggestions

Cleaning a Cast

Articles - Casting Impression Evidence

When to cast rather than photograph

It is advised to recover impressions by casting when the impressions are over 1/4 inch deep into the soil. Deep impressions will create interfeering shadows at their low points when illuminated with an oblique light source. Another time to cast is when impressions having different orientations are closely aligned to each other. Under these circumstances, illuminating one impression properly will likely result in a poor illumination of the adjacent impression having a different orientation.

Reclosable Zip-loc Bag Method

  • Purchase zip-loc plastic bags measuring approximately 10 1/2 x 11 inches ( 26.8 cm x 27.9 cm ),that can store 2 pounds of casting material.
  • A gallon-sized (3.79 liter) bag has the size & volume for this purpose.
  • Weigh out 2 pounds of casting material, and add the material to the bag. Leave one corner of the bag unzipped.
  • Lay the bag on one side, and flatten to remove the excess air. Completely seal the bag.

Pouring a cast from a reclosable Zip-loc bag

  • Using a 12 ounce beverage can as a measuring device, add about 3/4 of a "can -full" of water to the casting material in the plastic bag.
  • Squeeze and massage the bag to combine the water / casting material mix.
  • If the mixture is too thick, add the remaining water in the can to the bag.
  • The proper viscosity of the mixture should be that of pancake batter. When this viscosity is achieved, then unzip the bag, and pour the mixture.
  • While pouring, the bag should be held at a height of just a few inches above the impression.
  • Casting material is poured on the ground surface just off to the side of the impression, across from the arch area. Continue to add material until the mixture overflows the impression, and unto the ground surface. Never pour the material directly unto any design-bearing or pattern-bearing part of the impression.

Casting Suggestions

*  Lightweight debris which has fallen into the impression obviously after the impression was made may be removed using tweezers prior to pouring the casting material. DO NOT REMOVE ANY EXTRANEOUS MATTER WHICH IS PART OF THE IMPRESSION ITSELF.

*  Hair spray may be applied to loose sandy soil as a means to 'bind' the loose particles together in order to assist the casting process.

*  As the casting material begins to harden, write upon the back (non-impression bearing) surface of the cast your pertinent case data such as:

  • Your initials
  • Case Number
  • Date
  • Impression Number
  • Orientation Marks
*  When the air temperature is above 61 degrees F (16 degrees C) allow the cast to set undisturbed for at least twenty minutes. If the temperature is colder, allow the cast to harden for a longer period of time.

*  Casts may be removed using your fingers evenly spaced along the cast's length and inserted into the soil underneath the cast. A 'thin' object such as a spatula used to lift an incompletely dried or partially hardened cast may result in that cast breaking near the location at which the thin object had been inserted into the soil.

*  Allow the cast to air dry at room temperature for at least 24 hours before packaging or attempting to clean any soil or debris adhering to the cast.

*  Air-dried casts may be packaged in sturdy cardboard boxes. Brown paper bags may not be sturdy enough to 'shield' casts from being inadvertently dropped onto tabletops, etc. Never package casts in airtight containers or plastic bags which don't allow the cast to air-dry.

Cleaning a Cast

A container with a saturated solution of Potassium sulfate in water can be used to clean the cast of soil residue.

The cast should be fully submerged in the solution at room temperature. Upon submerging the cast, streams of bubbles will rise from the cast. After one hour, the cast can be cleaned by lightly brushing, and/or, thoroughly rinsing with running water.

Footwear Textbooks Containing Casting Instructions

Abbott, John R., Footwear Evidence, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 1964, pp.

Bodziak, William J., Footwear Impression Evidence, elsevier, New York, 1990, pp. 63-102.

Cassidy, Michael J., Footwear Identification, Lightning Powder Co.,Lighting Powder Co, Inc., Salem, Oregon, 1995 (revised), pp. 7-13, 18-40, 159-161.

Hildebrand, Dwane S., Footwear, The Missed Evidence, Staggs Publishing, Temecula, California, 1999, pp. 63-74.

Casting Literature Published in Professional Journals:

Brennan, J.S., "Dental Stone for Casting Depressed Shoesmarks and Tyremarks", J. Forensic Sci. Soc., No. 23, 1983, pp. 275-286.

Bulbulian, Arthur H., "A Professional Look at Plaster Casts", FBI Law Enf. Bul., Vol. 34, No. 9. Sept. 1965, pp. 2-7, 22-23.

Carlsson, K., "Utilisation d'un nouveau materiau de moulage en police scientifique", Rev. Int. Police Crim., Vol. 346, 1981, pp. 74-78.

Du Pasquier, E., et al., "Evaluation and comparison of casting materials in forensic sciences - Applications to tool marks and foot/shoe impressions", Forensic Sci. Int., Vol. 82, No. 1, Sept. 1996, pp. 33-43.

Geller, Joel, "Casting on Road Surfaces", Jor. Forensic. Ident., Vol. 40, No. 5, 1990, pp. 279-282.

Miller, Jeffrey E., "Enhancing Footwear Casts", Jor. Forensic. Ident., Vol. 43, No. 1, 1993.

Skreptak, Michael G., "Molson Casting Frame", Ident. Canada, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1990.

Tuthill, Harold, "Impression Casting", Identification Canada, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1987, pp. 3-7, 12-15.

Vandiver, James V., "Casting Materials", Ident. News, Vol. 30, No. 12, Dec. 1980, pp. 3-9.

Vandiver, James V., "Easier Casting and Better Casts", Ident. News, Vol. 30, No. 5, 1980.

Vandiver, James V. & Wolcott, J. H., "Identification of a Suitable Plaster for Crime Scene Casting", Jor. Forensic. Sci., Vol. 23, No. 3, 1978.

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