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BOSTON UNIVERSITY
In 1961, the Chemistry Dept. at B U was engaged in "Chem-Warfare Agent Research" on the "Synthesis of Nitrophenols & Related Compounds." The purpose of the project was to "support the research effort in the search for new highly lethal types of CW agents." The principal investigator was Dr Philip Mason; the work was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-108-61-G3 with the Stereo- Organic Branch of the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood. (ARTS, II, p. 80.)
BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
In 1961 the BU School of Medicine held contract DA-181-008-405-CML- 902 to study "the Passage of Drugs Through Biological Barriers " The project's purpose was "to obtain fundamental info on the passage of drugs & other biologically active compounds through bio barriers," especially through cellular membranes. The principal investigator, Dr Ruth R. Levine, was supervised by the Bio-Organic Chemistry Branch of the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood. [ARTS, p. I-100.)
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Brooklyn College in 1961 was involved in a major project on the "Physical Principles of BW Detection." The purpose of the project was to "conduct research applicable to development of BW rapid warning devices," with particular attention to the detection of "aerosolized BW material." Brooklyn College held Contract No. DA- 18-064-CML-739 with the Physical Detection Branch of the Army Bio Labs at Ft Detrick. The principal investigator at Brooklyn was Dr Nicholas 1). Cheronis. (ARTS, p. 1-3.)
UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO
The U of Buffalo in 1961 was contributing to the Army's extensive research on the Physical Principles of Biological Warfare Detection. Buffalo held Contract No. DA-CML-18-064-61-G18; the principal investigator Dr Fred M Snell, was responsible to the Army Bio Labs at Ft Detrick. (ARTS, p. I-4.)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
In 1961, Dr Henry Rapaport from Cal's Berkeley campus held 2 Army contracts for CW Agent Research on "Lethal & Incapacitating Agents," 1 project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-405-CML-188, was intended to "isolate in pure form & to determine the chemical structure of ryanodine which has an unusual type of pharmacological activity of interest in the search of agents." The 2d project funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-CML-5998, was intended to "determine the chemical structure of shellfish poison, a highly toxic natural product," as a basis for developing new CW agent'. Both projects were supervised by the Agent Research Branch of the Army Chemical Cntr. (ARTS, II, pp. 66, 69.) The Office of Naval Research operates a facility at the U of California, Berkeley, known as the Naval Biological Laboratory. There has been considerable speculation that this installation conducts research on bio weapons, as its main concern is the study of contagious airborne diseases. The Naval Bio Lab is funded & operated by the Navy, & staffed by personnel from the U of California; it is located at the Naval Supply Depot in Oakland. Among the diseases researched at the Laboratory are bubonic plague, valley fever (coccidiomycosis). & menengitis. [Sunday Ramparts, Feb. 12, 1967.] Although officials of the Oakland installation deny that their research is intended for the development of CB weapons, there is evidence of direct coop between the Army's BW laboratories at Ft Detrick & the California lab. In 1961, for instance, Ft Detrick sponsored a project on the "Stability & Virulence of BW Aerosols" that was conducted by the Naval Biological Laboratory at Cal. The purpose of this project, funded under contract MIPR No. R-56-6- CML-FD, was to "make basic aerosol investigations on the virulence, survival & behavior of pathogenic microorganisms & toxins in particles disseminated from the dry & wet state & to determine the relationships which exist between aerosol virulence... & such factors as particle size, host, sunlight, relative humidity, temperature, & other environmental factors." A 1961 task rpt on this project indicates that "research continues on the aerobiology of pathogenic viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi & toxins disseminated from powder & liquids." Dr. Stewart H Madin, Scientific Dir of the Oakland laboratory, was the principal investigator for this project. (ARTS, p. I-43.) Several papers apparently based on experiments conducted under this project were presented at the 2d Intl Conference on Aerobiology in March, 1966, by staff members of the Naval Bio Lab. 1 paper, for instance, concerned "Physiological Responses of Airborne Bacteria to Shifts in Relative Humidity." The paper was prepared by M T Hatch & R L. Dimmick. (Bacteriological Reviews, XXX, Sept. 1966.)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES
In 1961, UCLA held contract DA-108-405-735 with the Clinical Research Division of the Army Chemical Corps at Ft Detrick for research on "Medical. Aspects of Chem-Warfare. n The basic purpose of the project was "to determine through clinical research, the effects of selected toxic compounds & of drugs antagonistic thereto; on the US Army & USAF volunteers... also, to advise & assist in the search for more effective toxic compounds." The research task rpt on this project stated that "a 3 man expedition to the rain forests of Peru & Equador collected samples of "500 plants," & that "extracts are being prepared from these plants & screened for bio activity." The principal investigator in the project was Dr D Taylor. (ARTS, p. 1-222)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL & CNTR UCLA's
Medical School in 1961 was engaged in an Army project on the Pharmacology & Physiological Chemistry of Chem-Warfare. The purpose of the project was "to develop through pharmacological research. data for the support of a rational approach to the search for new CW lethal & incapacitating agents." UCLA's specific task was "to synthesize & study compounds pharmacologically related to types that have hallucinogenic properties" especially amphetamine derivatives. The principal investigator was Dr G A Alles; the contract was No. DA-18-108-405-CML-735. (ARTS, p, 1- 138) The UCLA MedCntr in 1966 held Contract No. DA-04-495-AMC-791 for research on "Disabling Agents on the Central Nervous System." The principal investigator for this project was Dermot B Taylor. (TAB 67-1, Jan. 1-67.)
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
In 1961 the Dept of Pharmacology at the University of Chicago was engaged in research on the "Pharmacology & Physiological Chemistry of Chemical Warfare" for the Physiology Division at the Edgewood Arsenal. The purpose of the project was to determine the mechanism of action of toxic compounds & their antagonists, seeking concurrently new body systems that may be disrupted by small quantities of compounds to produce incapacitation or death." The principal investigator at Chicago was Dr L J Roth; the research was rendered under Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G8 (ARTS, p. I- 137.) According to Chicago's Vice-Pres for Special Projects, W B Harrell, the Chmn of the Microbiology Dept, Professor James W Moulder, was engaged in BW research for Ft Detrick under a contract which took effect in 1960.
CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Clarkson College has conducted research on the aerosol dissemination of CBW agents for the Army Chemical Cntr under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-201. According to a 1961 research rpt, Dr Milton Kerker of Clarkson was directed to "obtain fundamental information on the light scattering & other properties of coated aerosols for application to the solution of problems in the dissemination of agents." (ARTS, II, p. 4115.)
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.
In 1964 Columbia received a $38,000 contract from the Army Chemical Cntr at the Edgewood Arsenal for research in the field of bio-warfare systems. Columbia's task, under Contract No. DA-18- 035-AMC-269(A), was to "develop properties of dialyzing membranes for separating of physiologically active products from bio media." (ADRCR, N.Y. 1965, p. 186.)
UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT
Research into the synthetic production of LSD & other psychedelic drugs is currently underway in UConn's Dept of Pharmacology for the Defense Dept. Dr Marvin Malone, an Associate Professor of Pharmacology, told students that "UConn has been commissioned by the DoD to research LSD production techniques concurrent with the experiments currently being conducted on US troops to determine the effects of psychedelic drugs in chemical warfare." (Connecticut Daily Campus, Nov. 7-66.) In 1961, UCONN was already engaged in CW Lethal & Incapacitating Research under Army Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-GI. The project task was to "isolate in pure form the alkaloids of Withania somnifera & to determine their chemical structure. " Dr A E Schwarting was the principal investigator. (ARTS, II, p. 67.) In 1964 UConn received a $90,000 contract from the Army Chemical Cntr for chemical warfare systems research. UConn's task was to conduct an investigation "of alkaloid production in saprophytic culture & to study bio oxidation of selected cavin alkaloids." The work was to be financed under Edgewood Contract No. DA-18-108-AMC-4(A). (ADRCR, NY 1965, p.990-)
CORNELL UNIVERSITY
The Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory (CAL). a division of Cornell University located in Buffalo NY, is 1 of the few university- associated installations that have conducted research on the field properties of tactical CB weapons. CAL's involvement in CBW research came to light following disclosures in 1966 of the notorious, "Summit" & Spicerack" projects at the U of Pennsylvania. It turned out that Penn was subcontracting certain aspects of these CBW projects to Cornell. CAL's role was to "conduct a detailed target analysis to determine anticipated target neutralization requirements. This analysis will consider (i) protective measures against which a weapon capability should be required; (ii) acceptable time to incapacitation requirements; & (iii) target sizes & content & minimum acceptable casualty infliction to achieve neutralization." (Science, 1-13, 1967.) It is apparent that CAL has multiple connections with the Pentagon's CBW laboratories. 3 CAL scientists, Arthur O'Conner, Paul Rosenthal & Hiramie T. McAdams, are conducting secret research for the Air Force on "CB Anti-Materiel Application" under Contract No. AF 08(635)-5400. (TAB 67-10, 5-15-67.) The 1965 edition of the Aerospace & Defense Research Contracts Roster indicates that in 1964 the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory had received no less than 4 CBW research contracts from the US Army Chemical Cntr. Among the tasks assigned Cornell were "research services on chemical agents munitions systems for tactical employment" (3 projects) & "research services for evaluation & development of test technology." The contract nos. & values were: DA-18-035-AMC- 323(A), $882.000: DA-18-108-CML-6628(A), $117,000 & $100.000: & DA-18-035-AMC-280(A), $1.50,000. (ADRCR, NY 1965. p. 200.) Further clarification of CAL's CBW activities was contained in a letter from the CAL Public Relations Manager, Harold S Tolley, to Science Magazine & dated Feb 23, 1967. Mr Tolley refers to CAL's work for the Army Chemical Corps as follows: "The full level of that effort has run somewhere between $500,000 & $1 million per year. Although few details can be provided, the objective of this program has been to determine effective means for delivering chemical agents as a tactical munition. "The emphasis of the Laboratory program is upon dissemination techniques & does not involve research upon chemical agents themselves As a classified program, there have been no open publications resulting. However, within the new few weeks a paper will be delivered at a Law Enforcement Symposium in Chicago which deals with the use of chemical agents in riot control. The essential background for this paper stems from the research performed under the Edgewood contract"
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
From 1964 to 1966, 2 Delaware University professors, Drs. A B Metzner & H C Beachell were engaged in research "on the Mechanism of Flow of Absorbed Particles." Their research, sponsored by the Edgewood Arsenal, was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC- 278(A). Delaware's Chemistry Dept currently holds contract DA-18- 035-AMC-342(A) for "Research on an Electrochemical Detection System." The principal researchers are Wallace H McCurdy, Jr. & Harry F Bell. (TAB 66-22. 11-15-1966.) The U of Delaware in 1961 held 2 Army contracts for CW Agent Research. 1 project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-525 & directed by Dr William A Mosher, was intended to support the research effort of the Army Chemical Cenbrighter "in the search for new highly incapacitating & lethal types of CW agents." (ARTS, II, p. 78.) The 2d project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-654 & directed by Dr James Moore of the Chemistry Dept, was intended to "perform research in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic systems." The task rpt indicates that "samples of interesting compounds will be submitted to the Chemical Corps for screening as incapacitating agents." (ARTS, II, p. 78)
GEORGE PEABODY COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS
The George Peabody College has been developing techniques for the instruction of military personnel in chemical, bio & radiological warfare, under Contract Non-1257(01).. The project, "CBR Training Aid Requirements, Army-Wide," has involved the efforts of W D McClurkin, Harold Benjamin, Harold Drummond, Harry Harap, & Lawrence Steward. A technical rpt prepared by this team concerned: "Basic Individual CBR Training; Advanced Individual CBR Training; Chemical Corps, Unit CBR Training, Courses in the Chemical Corps School, Preparation for Overseas Replacement Training; CBR Training Aid Problems; CBR Problems of Genl Interest." (TAB 67-3, Feb. 1, 1967) GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY The George Washington U of Washington, DC has maintained a close relationship with the US Army Biological Laboratories at Ft Detrick since 1948. From 1954- 59, in fact, GW had its own research installation at Ft Detrick, known as the George Washington University Research Laboratory. This laboratory was used by GW scientists for research on bio weapons. According to the Anndal Rpt of the Dean for Sponsored Research for 1959, "this project conducts studies, tests. & experimental investigations in a comprehensive research program relating to the physical & biophysical factors incident to explosive dissemination of bio aerosols." The rpt indicated that the GW researchers have had phenomenal success improving the efficiency of dissemination of liquids. While it is quite obvious that the end result of this work will be a new weapon, the work of the contract has been kept on a research basis & no development work has been done on it." Most of this research was classified, however. The value of GW's Ft Detrick research in 1960 alone was $1,202,000. (Science, Jan. 13, 1967.) Although George Washington's direct contract work for Ft Detrick was apparently terminated in 1960, the Dept of Microbiology still maintains an academic relationship with Ft Detrick, whereby Detrick employees can receive advanced degrees from the University while conducting their research at the Army Bio Labs. Since 1959, 10 Ft Detrick employees have received PhD's from GW (the Army pays their tuition fees).. (The George Washington Hatchet, 4-4-67.)
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
The Atlanta Engineering Experimental Station of Georgia Tech horde a classified contract for CBW research on "Toxic Explosives." The principal investigators for this contract, No. W-18 035-CWS-1313, are F. Bellinger & W H Sacha, Jr. Further details are lacking.
HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE (of Philadelphia)
The Dept of Pharmacology at the Hahnemann Medical College has been conducting research over a period of years on the "Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare." The research was funded by the Clinical Research Division of Edgewood Arsenal, beginning in 1961 (ARTS, p. 1-219.) In answer to a Science Magazine questionnaire, Joseph R DiPalma, Chmn of the Dept of Pharmacology & principal investigator for the project, indicated last year that "the work concerned mostly the investigation of the oral human toxicity of 2-PAM-Cl (2-pyridine-aldoxime methylchloride) in humans." According to Dr DiPalmn, "this substance is 1 of the effective antidotes for the phosphorous type of cholineaterase inhibitors which may be used as war gases."
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Harvard University held a Ft Detrick contract in 1961 for research on the "Laboratory Identification of BW Agents." The purpose of the project was to "devise techniques & material for the rapid identification of BW agents & disease applicable to use in the US Armed Forces." The principal investigator under the contract, No. DA-49-007-MD-864, was Dr Paul Fremont-Smith. (ARTS, p. 1-31.) In 1961, Dr R B Woodward of Harvard was engaged in an Army project to "determine the structure of puffer poison, a highly toxic natural product, as a model for new chemical agents." Dr Woodward's research was funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-619-14 with the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood. (ARTS, II, P 7x.) In 1964 Harvard received a $35,000 contract from the Edgewood Arsenal for a study of "molecular structure & diffusional processes across intact epidermis;" the research was to be rendered under Contract No. DA18-108-AKSC-148(A). (ADRCR, NY 1965, P 401.)
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS (Urbana)
The U of Illinois has participated in the Army Biological Laboratory's program of Anticrop Warfare Research, designed to "conduct research on chemical & bio agents capable of destroying the food & industrial crops of potential enemy countries." At Illinois the principal investigator was Dr Glenn Finger, whose work was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-064-404-CML-426. Dr Finger's specific task, according to a 1961 rpt, was to "substitute flourine for other halogens in known plant inhibitors." (ARTS, p. I-000.) In 1961 Illinois held 2 contracts in the field of Chem-Warfare Biological Sciences Research from the Army Chemical Corps' Edgewood Arsenal. The University itself held Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G-4, while the Dept of Psychiatry held Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G-10. Both contracts were for the purpose of conducting research "on specific metabolic processes to elucidak the mechanism of action of toxic & other compounds." The principal investigator under 1 contract was Dr L E Chadwick: his task was "the study of the mechanisms involved in the combined action on toxic compounds & their synergists." Under the other contract, the principal investigator was Dr L C Abood, whose task was "the study of the mechanism of action of incapacitating compounds, especially the psychomimetic agents' & the development of possible big-chemical screening methods for such compounds." (ARTS, p. I-183.) Illinois' Dr Abood has continued his research on chemical agents under a additional Army contracts. In 1965 he prepared a rpt on the "Screening of Antagonists to BZ" as part of work rendered under Contract No. DA- 18-108-AMC-183(A). BZ is a psychochemical developed by the Army to produce temporary paralysis & extreme disorientation upon enemy personnel. Dr. Abood was assisted by R Fox on this project (TAB 65-21, Nov. 1-65.) Prof. Walter D Rose held an Army contract in 1961 for CW Agent Research on a project entitled "The Study of the Behavior of Fluids in Porous Solid Media." Prof. Rose's work was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-517; he was responsible to the Physicochemical Research Division of the Army Chemical Cntr at the Edgewood Arsenal. (ARTS, II, p. 272.)
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Armour Research Institute In 1961. The Armour Research Foundation (a division of the Illinois Institute of Technology) held 2 CBW contracts. Project DA-18-064-404-CML-353, under contract with the Army Biological Labs at Ft Detrick, was concerned with "BW Assessment Technology." The principal investigator was Dr Richard Ehrlich. The purpose of the project was "to develop new or improved methods for the physical & bio assay of aerosols from the standpoint of agent concentration, particle size, stability & animal infectivity." Specifically, the project was aimed at the development of "methodologies affording speed, precision, & economy in aerosol assessment." (ARTS, p. I-54.) The 2d project, DA18-108-405-CML-928, was in the field of "Biochemistry Of Toxic Proteins." Principal investigators were Dr E J Hawrylewicz, Dr W H. Riesen, & Mr W F Line: their research was supervised by the Enzyme Chemistry Branch of the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood. The purpose of the project was "to discover new classes of toxic agents from the determination of the toxic sites of highly toxic natural projects" At the time, the investigators were concerned with "the study of the cobra venom neurotoxin & the botulinum toxin." (ARTS, p. I-98.) The 2d contract covered the dissemination of aerosolized CW agents. The investigators, Mr Charles C Miesse & Mr Donald Werle, were engaged in a project "to obtain fundamental info on the ignition of liquid aerosols for application to the solution of flashing problems in the explosive dissemination of chemical agents." This project was funded under Army Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-777. (ARTS, II, p. 211.) Cost of this research has now been transferred to the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
The IIT Research Institute is the foremost university cntr for research on CBW agents in the US. The Research Institute's work involves special studies as well as on-going evaluation of tactical CB weapons. The on-going project, "Munitions Filling Development for New & Standard Agents," is funded under Army Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-372(A). Recent studies issued under the aegis of this project include studies of chemical bombs & other devices involving G agents & VX agents (nerve gases) & CS agents (incapacitating gases). Researchers on this project include Warren J McGonnagle, M S Nusbaum, & R S Braman. IITRI's major area of specialization lies in the field of aerobiology-the spread of diseases through the atmosphere. IITRI maintains an aerosol laboratory for the study of airborne infections. While some of this research is naturally of concern to the medical profession, IITRI's efforts are clearly directed toward the development of bio weapons. This is made clear in a rpt prepared by John D Stockham for the Air Force on the "Dissemination Properties of incapsulated Particles." According to the author's abstract of this study, the rpt "provides info on the feasibility of disseminating microencapsulated bio agents." The Research for this study was rendered under Contract No. AF 08 (635)-5067. (TAB 67-8, 4-15, 1967.) Another IITRI researcher, Donald K Werle, holds Contract No. DA-18-108-AMC-129(A) from the Army for research on the dissemination of chemical warfare agents (TAB 67-13, Jul I-67.) A comprehensive description of lITRI's research on aerobiology was prepared for the Army in 7-1966 by R Ehrlich, S Miller, M D Schneider & H M Yamashiroya. Although the rpt itself is classified, a description of the rpt gives some impression of the areas covered. According to the authors, "this rpt consists of a series of 7 reports summarizing major phases of the research effort. 1 rpt describes IIT Research Institute's aerosol laboratories, including the pathological laboratory & animal holding facilities. 3 reports summarize efforts directed toward the development of improved methods for the bioassay of Coxiella burnetli in mice & guinea pigs The final 3 reports summarize studies with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. 1 of these presents detailed studies on the characterization of airborne VEE virus." These reports covered research during the period Oct 1962 to June 1966 under Contract No. DA 18-064-AMC- 49(A). (TAB 67-7, Apr I-67.) The IIT Research Institute co- sponsored the 2d Intl Conference of Aerobiology (Airborne Infection), held in Chicago on March O9/31-1966, along with the US Army Biological Laboratories at Ft Detrick. IITRI researchers prepared several papers for the conference. & Richard Ehrlich of IIT was 1 of the program chairmen. (Bacteriological Review, XXX, Sept. 1966.) In addition to its work for the Army's CBW research installation at Ft Detrick, IIT has been contracted to the Dugway Proving Ground-the test cntr for CB weapons in Utah. In 1964, IIT received a $118.000 contract from Dugway for "the development of an isokinetic aerosol sampling system." This project was financed under Army Contract No. DA-42-007-AMC-139. (ADRCR, FY 1965, p. 453.)
INDIANA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
The Indiana University Foundation has participated in a major Army project on the Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. The principal investigator at Indiana was Dr R Russell; his work was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-738. The overall purpose of the project was to "determine through clinical research, the effects of selected toxic compounds & of drugs antagonistic thereto also, to advise in the search for more effective toxic compounds." At Indiana, the specific task was "to develop a batters of bio tests for evaluating chemical compounds & of determining their mechanism of action." (ARTS, p. I-223.)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Iowa State in 1961 held Army Contract No. DA-18108-405-CML-269 for CW Agent Research aimed at the "Investigation of Indole Alkaloids." Dr E Wenkert of the Chemistry Dept. was the principal investigator. (ARTS, II, p. 74.)
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Johns Hopkins has been active in CBW research over a long period of time: Elinor Longer reports that between 1955 & 1963, - Johns Hopkins received over $1 million for work described as "studies of actual or potential injuries or illnesses, studies on diseases of potential BW significance, & evaluation of certain toxoids & vaccines." This research, originally rendered under contract DA- 18-064-404-CML-100, has been continued at a reduced level under contract DA-18-064-AMC-104A. (Science, 1-13-67.) It is evident that CBW research at Johns Hopkins has covered a wide gamut of activities. In 1961, for instance, Johns Hopkins held 2 CBW contracts from the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood Arsenal. The 1st, on the "Medical Aspects of Chem-Warfare," was intended "to determine through clinical research, the effects of selected toxic compounds on the US Army & USAF volunteers Also, to advise & assist in the search for more effective toxic compounds." The Research Task Rpt indicates that Johns Hopkins' particular task was the study of V-agents (nerve gases). This research was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-10; the principal investigator was Dr Johns. (ARTS, p. I-218.) A 2d project, in Chem-Warfare Agent Research, was intended to "provide basic info in the field of allergy with a view to its possible utilization in incapacitation." The principal investigators for this project) under Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G15, were 3 members of the Chemistry Dept, Prof. A H Corwin, Dr F N, Dukes-Dobos, & Mr. M D Hamburger. (ARTS, p. I-99.) Between 1964 & 1966, Johns Hopkins held a contract for the "Investigation of Rapid Methods of Analysis of Aerosol CW Agents." A rpt prepared by the principal investigator in the project, Arthur Karmen, indicates that "a new approach to collecting compounds in aerosols & analyzing them by gas liquid chromatography has been developed." The work was rendered under Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-144A. (TAB 6613, Jul 1 1966..)
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Researchers in the Chemistry Dept of Kansas State University have been engaged in an Army-financed project involving the scientific analysis of lethal nerve gases. The KSU project, entitled "Ion Phenomena," is rendered under Edgewood Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC- 718(A). According to a description of this project prepared by Robert W Kiser, the principal researcher, mass spectrometric study of GA & OF was undertaken to obtain more fundamental information of value in determining the processes that occur upon electron bombardment of these organophosphorus compounds." GA & OF are nerve gases; GA is also known as Tabun. (TAB 67-10, May 15-67.)
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
The U of Maryland has held several research contracts with the US Army Biological Laboratories at Ft Detrick. 1 project, conducted by Professor P Arne Hansen of the Microbiology Dept, was in "the use of fluorescent antibodies for the rapid detection & identification of bacteria. According to Maryland's Pres, Wilson H Elkins, the project was terminated in 1960. A 2d project, on the "Vulnerability of Man to Biological Warfare," was continued into the 1960's. The purpose of this project was to "study infectivity & pathogenicity of potential BW agents in experimental animals & subsequently in volunteers." According to a 1961 Research Task Rpt on this project, "evaluation of volunteers infected with Pasteurella tularensis has continued & been expanded. Studies on bacillus anthracis in a variety of laboratory animals infected both by subcutaneous & respiratory routes have continued. Considerable progress has been made in the study of typhoid fever in man." The principal investigator in this project was Dr T. E Woodward, whose research was rendered under Contract No. DA-49- 007-MD-751. (ARTS, p. I-34.)
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Maryland's School of Medicine has also been involved in CBW research involving tests on animals & human volunteers. In 1961 the Medical School held Contract No. DA-18-108-CML-656" for research on "Medical Aspects of Chem-Warfare. " The principal investigator was Dr C S Petty, whose task was to "determine signs & symptoms of poisoning by selected toxic compounds & devise methods for their detection in postmortem tissues & fluids." (ARTS, p. I-221.) Specifically, these toxic compounds have included the bacilli of tularemia. At the 2nd Intl Conference on Aerobiology (Airborne Infection) held in Chicago in March 1966, 2 scientists who work jointly with the U of Maryland School of Medicine & the US Army Bio Labs at Ft Detrick delivered a paper entitled "Aerogenic Immunization of Man with Live Tularemia Vaccine." The scientists were Richard B Hornick & Henry P Eigelsbach. Their paper describes experiments conducted with 253 "volunteers" from the U of Maryland Research Ward at the Jessup, Maryland House of Correction. These men were exposed to aerosolized Francella tularensis, a live vaccine strain. The tests were supervised by W R. Griffith of Ft Detrick. (Bacteriological Reviews, XXX. Sept. 1966.)
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND DENTAL SCHOOL
Even the Dental School has been involved in the CBW research at the U of Maryland. Dr J I White of the Dental School was the principal investigator in a project on the "Pharmacology & Physiological Chemistry of Chem-Warfare." According to a 1961 rpt, the purpose of the research was to "determine the mechanism of action of toxic compounds & their antagonists, seeking concurrently new body systems that may be disrupted by small quantities of compounds to produce-incapacitation or death." When the rpt was issued, the Maryland team was studying the effects of ryanodine. Dr White's research was rendered under Contract No. DA-CML-18-105-61-G9 with the Directorate of Medical Research at the Edgewood Arsenal. (ARTS, p I-136,)
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
In 1961 the U of Massachusetts was conducting CW Agent Research with the intent to "synthesize potent emetics for possible use as incapacitating agents." Specifically, the project was designed to "investigate simple synthetic analogs & other modifications of apomorphine & related alkaloids." Dr I M. Hunsberger was the principal investigator in this project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-912 with the Bio-Organic Chemistry Branch of the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood. (ARTS, II, p 61.)
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - MIT
has been active in a major Army project on the Pharmacology & Physiological Chemistry of (Chemical Warfare, designed to "develop through pharmacological research, data for the support of a rational approach to the search for new CW lethal & incapacitating agents." MIT's share of this project was performed under Contract No. DA18-108-405-CML-942; the principal investigator was Dr L Stark. According to a 1961 rpt, MIT's specific task was to "determine the usefulness of servoanalytic, info theory concepts & digital computer progs in the assessment of proposed incapacitating compounds." (ARTS, p. I-140.)
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
From 1959 to 1965 the University of Michigan supported research by Dr Phillip Gerhardt under a contract from the US Army Biological Laboratories at Ft Detrick. The contract, No. DA-18-064-404-CML- 470, was for "Process Research on Bacterial & Fungal Agents." According to Michigan's Dir of Research Admin, Robert E Burroughs, "the objectives of the program included a study of the cultivation of mammalian cells & other microorganisms in dialysis systems, experiments with product formation & propagation of microorganisms, & coordination of other research having to do with basic principles of testing systems in the area of dialysis culture." Mr Burroughs indicated that Dr Gerhardt continued his research in this field when he moved to the Bacteriology Dept at Michigan State University in 1965. The U.S. Navy is currently sponsoring a project at the U of Michigan called "Passive LOPAIR Support Studies." The principle investigator is Donald S Lowe. a physicist at the Infrared & Optical Sensor Laboratory at Michigan's Willow Run Laboratories. The $48,731 project, which expires Jan 1969, includes as its major purpose "the detection of CW agents using passive LOPAIR techniques." (The Michigan Daily, 10-19-67.)
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Researchers in the Dept of Plant Pathology & Physiology of Minnesota's Institute of Agriculture have held 2 Ft Detrick contracts for work on "Anticrop Warfare Research." Both projects continued over several years; according to the Chmn of the Dept, Professor M F Kernkamp, they were terminated in 1965. Kernkamp was the principal investigator in 1 3-year project, the purpose of which was to "investigate the virulence of certain pathogenic races of Puccinia graminis tritici," a species of wheat rust. The 2d project, under the direction of Dr C M. Christensen, was intended to "study molds that deteriorate grain in storage." This 2d project is apparently an aspect of an ongoing project "to conduct research on chem/bio agents capable of destroying the food & industrial crops of potential enemy countries," rendered under Contract No. DA-18064-404-CML-433. A 1961 Research Task Rpt on this contract revealed that the project "involved screening, research, pilot plant scale production & field assessment of the following agents: wheat stem rust, wheat stripe rust, rice blast, & chemical agents." The rpt also indicates that "grain yield reduction potential will be determined in areas agroclimactically analagous to potential target areas." (ARTS, p. I-201.)
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
Scientists at the NYU School of Engineering recently completed a 4- year study in the field of "Chemical Warfare Mathematical Ops Research." The project was funded by the US Army's Chemical Research & Development Laboratory under Contracts Nos. DA-18-108- 405-CML-788(A) & DA-18-108-CML-6617(A). The principal investigators in the project were Leon Herbach & Lloyd A Rosenberg.. The Engineering School's annual rpt on research activities for 1966 lists the CW research as a "project to develop mathematical methods for measuring the effectiveness of a chemical agent." A rpt completed by the researchers in Jan-67 is devoted to "mathematical models for chemical warfare casualties." Factors considered in the rpt are: area coverage, dosage, kill probabilities, distribution, respiration, ingestion (physiology). (Washington Square Journal, Nov. 17-66; TAB 67-14, 7-15-67.)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 3 researchers in the Dept of Pathology of North Carolina's School of Medicine have conducted research for the US Army Biological Laboratories at Ft Detrick on the subject of "Industrial Inhalation Anthrax." The research team, consisting of Philips, Brachman, Arnold K Kaufmann, & Frederic G. Dalldorf, was assisted by Ft Detrick scientists. In a paper prepared by the team for delivery at the 2d Internatl Conference on Aerobiology (Airborne Infection) held in 1966, indicates that "the authors developed a protocol to study the clinical course, pathogenesis, & dose-response relationships of experimental animals to a naturally occurring Bacillus anthracis aerosol produced in a goat-hair processing mill." (Bacteriological Reviews, XXX, 9-1966.) The U of North Carolina is also associated with the Research Triangle Institute of Durham NC, another CBW research installation.
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr Samuel Saslow, a Professor of Medicine & Microbiology at the Ohio State University College of Medicine, held a Ft Detrick contract from 1-3, 1955 until 12-31-65 in the field of "Viral and Rickettsial Agent Laboratory Research." The purpose of the project was to "evaluate the clinical response of monkeys to mixed infections resulting from aerosol exposure to combinations of bio agents. including Rickettsia rickettsii, Pasteurella tularensis, influenza virus, & Coxiella Burnetti." Dr Saslow's research was funded by the US Army Biological Laboratories under Contract No. FD-GR-61-12. A portion of Dr Saslow's research was described at the 2d Intl Conference on Aerobiology (Airborne Infection), held at Chicago in March-66 & co-sponsored by Ft Detrick. Saslow & a colleague named Harold N. Carlisle delivered a paper there on "Aerosol Infection on Monkeys with Rickettsia rickettsti." (Bacteriological Reviewa, XXX-66.)
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA
The U of Oklahoma has conducted bio warfare systems research aimed at the potential use of bio agents in "remote area conflicts." i.e. in situations like V'nam. In 1964-65 Oklahoma received 2 contracts from the Army's CBW Proving Ground at Dugway UT, for this purpose. The University's task under these contracts is described as "ecology & epidimiology research studies in remote areas," including a "research survey in specified area." The details of this project are presently unavailable. The nos. & values of-the 2 contracts are: DA-42-007-AMC-121, $134,000; & DA- 42-007-AMC-208, $238,000. (ADRCR, NY 1965, p. 1032.)
UNIVERSITY OF OREGON
The Science Research Institute of the U of Oregon has held a contract from the Army Chemical Corps for work in the field of CW Biological Sciences Research. The purpose of the project was to "conduct research on specific metabolic processes to elucidate the mechanism of action of toxic & other compounds" & to "seek novel functional systems susceptible to inactivation by chemicals to lead to the recognition of new types of chemical agents." The principal investigator at Oregon was Dr R W Newburgh, whose work was rendered under Contract No. DA-CML-18108-61-G2. (ARTS, p. I- 97.)
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
The U of Pennsylvania has received nat'l publicity concerning the notorious Spicerack & Summit projects, but it is apparent that Penn's involvement in CBW research stretches well beyond those 2 projects. By 1961, Penn already was engaged in 2 major research projects for the US Chemical Corps' laboratories at the Edgewood Arsenal. Both of these projects were in the field of CW Biological Sciences Research. The 1st project, funded under Contract No. DA- 18108-405-CML-630, was a study of the "Pharmacology & Physiological Chemistry of Chem-Warfare." The purpose of the project was to "develop through pharmacological research, data for the support of a rational approach to the search for new CW lethal & incapacitating agents." The specific task of the Penn team, led by Drs. G B Koelle & N Haugard, was to conduct "research on the roles of neuraminic acid in neuronal & of phosphorylases in cardiac activities." A 2d project, on "Basic & Applied Physiology," was intended to "conduct research on specific metabolic processes to elucidate the mechanism of action of toxic & other compounds." Penn held Contract No. DA-18108-CML-6556 for this project The Penn research team, headed by Dr A B DuBois, was directed to conduct "research on respiratory & circulatory mechanisms of breathing with respect to toxic agents." By 1965, Penn was receiving some $1 million a year for applied research on CBW weapons systems, most of it channeled through Summit, an Army Contract, & Spicerack, an Air Force contract. Most of the work on these contracts was performed by a semiautonomous subsidiary of Penn known as the Institute for Cooperative Research (ICR). In the spring of 1966, it was disclosed that ICR's research on CBW delivery systems included studies for the potential use of CB anticrop weapons in V'nam. In an interview with Science magazine last fall, Knut Krieger, the chemistry professor who directs the research, indicated that he receives Army field reports from V'nam & that he has evaluated tests on chemical defoliants (Science, 1- 13-67.) A description of the Project Summit Annual Rpt for 1965 gives an impression of the kind of research being performed by Penn. The rpt, prepared by Frank M Steadman under Contract No. DA- 18-06-AMC-2757(A), focuses on feasibility studies on the use of CB agents in counterinsurgent warfare. According to the report's author, project research was concerned with (A) analysis of the utility of a spectrum of air delivered hypothetical CB agent- munition combinations in counterinsurgency & limited warfare situations (B) development of mathematical models for computation of weapons effects." The rpt itself carries a secret classification. (TAB 67-9, May I-67.) Penn's parallel contract with the Air Force is entitled n Situations for Evaluation of Air Delivered Chemical & Biological Munitions in Counterinsurgent Operations. "As in the case of Summit, reports emanating from this project are secret. A description of research performed under this contract, however, gives an indication of what is involved. A rpt completed by Arthur F Haney in March 1967 was concerned with counterinsurgent CB warfare in V'nam, with "close-support tac/air support," & with Armed Forces ops military tactics. Penn held Contract No. AF-08-(65 3597 for its role in this project. (TAB 67- II, June 1, 1967.) Directors of Penn's well-known Foreign Policy Research Institute have joined with ICR to provide the Pentagon with basic strategic studies of the utility of CB weapons. J E Dougherty, Robert Strausz-Hupe, W R Kintner, R L Pfaltzgraff, Jr, & R C Herber are directing a study of "The Role of Biological & Chemical Weapons in the Defense Strategy of the United States." In their abstract of the contract, No. DA-18064-CML-2757, the investigators state: "The capability to engage in offensive & defensive bio & chemical ops gives a nation a much stronger position in the struggle for power & provides a powerful deterrent force to bridge the gap between conventional & nuclear weapons capabilities B/C weapons could provide capabilities for covert & overt strategic & tactical ops of any required intensity in any type of power struggle or warfare without imposing a logistics load beyond the capacities of many of the smaller nations. Effective inspection for control of B/C weapons production appears impractical."
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
The U of Pittsburgh maintains 2 research cntrs, the Army Materiel Research Staff & the Washington DC. Ordnance Research Staff which conduct CBW research for the Army under Contract No. DA-49-186- AMC-214. The Army Materiel cntr in Pittsburgh is engaged in secret research on the "Development of Weapons & Other Equipment for Special Warfare." The project is concerned with the development of weapons & other eqpt for counterinsurgent warfare, including the development of chemical defoliants. (TAB-66.) Pittsburgh's Wash DC Research Staff "engaged in a whole roster of CBW projects, many of them Involving research on tactical CB weapons. 1 project, specifically connected with the war effort In V'nam, involves the development of chem/weaps for use in the "Tunnel Destruction Demolition Set XM69." The project off concerned with so-called "nonlethal irritant gasses," including the gas CS, which are presently being used for tunnel clearance in South V'nam. (TAB- 66.) Pittsburgh's Washington staff has been engaged in other projects dealing with chemical agents like CS. A current project on the "Tactical CS Canister Cluster, E159," involves the dissemination of CS agents by aerial bombardment. (TAB 1966, June I-67.) A 3d project underway by this research staff is even more sinister. Pittsburgh scientists are now working on the dissemination of chemical agents by guided msl. The Washington Research Staff recently completed a secret rpt on the "Chemical Warhead, E27, for Lance Guided Msl." This was "an illustrated rpt on the E27 chemical warhead for the dissemination of nonpersistent antipersonnel gas... a component of the Lance guided msl system." (TAB 66-18, Sept. 15, 1966.) U of Pittsburgh professors, disturbed about these revelations concerning research being performed at their university, sought to obtain more Info concerning the 2 Army-connected research staffs. A spksmn for the Washington staff, a Mr Anderson, informed the professors that the University did not perform any original research on these weapons, but was concerned mainly with preparing technical reports & manuals. POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN
In 1961 Brooklyn Polytech held Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-302 for Chem-Warfare Agent Research with the Army Chemical Cntr at Edgewood. The purpose of the project was to "provide basic information on the structure of enzymes as a basis for the synthesis of future toxic materials." Dr C G Overberger was the principal investigator. (ARTS, p. 1-101.)
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
Seymour Hersh reported in the New Republic on May 6-1967, that Rutgers had carried out an army study entitled "Synthesis of chemical compounds with potential psychological effects for use as incapacitating agents." Although other investigators list Rutgers among universities conducting CBW research, Further information is lacking.
ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY
In 1961 St. Louis University undertook a research project for the Clinical Research Division of the Army Chemical Corps in the field of the "Medical Aspects of Chem-Warfare." The purpose of the project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-208-CML-60I, was to "determine through clinical research, the effects of selected toxic compounds & of drugs antagonistic thereto, on the UPS. Army & USAF volunteers Also, to advise & assist in the search for more effective toxic compounds." The specific task of the St. Louis team, led by Dr H Donahoe, was to "synthesize, examine by X-ray diffraction techniques, & conduct preliminary biological tests on compounds to test certain hypothesis of drug action." (ARTS, p. I- 890.)
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
In 1961, Stanford held a contract with the US Army Chemical Corps Proving Grounds at Dugway, Utah, for research on the "Meteorological Aspects of CBR Warfare." The purpose of the project, funded under Contract No. DA-42-007-403-CML-448, was to "improve the knowledge of meteorological conditions on the behavior of aerosols & particulates. The principal investigators, Dr P A Leightan and Dr W A Ferkins, were responsible to the Directorate of Technical Operations at Dugway (ARS IV p535)
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
The Stanford Research Institute of Menlo Park, Calif. is 1 of the principal CBW research centers in the US. Projects undertaken by SRI in past years have involved every aspect of CBW research & development, including the investigation & testing of FEW agents, the techniques of CBW dissemination, & the evaluation of airborne CBW delivery systems. A major share of this research Is rendered under Army Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-122(A), an ongoing project of Research Studies on the Dissemination of Solid & Liquid Agents." Researchers on this project include William C Thuman, I G Poppoff, Lionel A Dickenson, Erwin L Capener. John E Baldwin, Theodore Mill, & R C Robbins. Recent studies conducted as part of this project have included investigations of the aerosol dissemination of CB agents, the performance of chemical bombs, mathematical models for CB weapon investigations, CS agents (incapacitating chemicals), & aerosol generators (TAB 67-18; Jan. 14-15-1967.) Particular studies recently rendered under this contract have included a study of the "Dissemination of Aerosol Particles by Forming Clouds" prepared by William E. Ranz (TAB 67- 8, 4-15-67), & a proposal for the "Secondary Injection of CW Agents Into a Supersonic Rocket Exhaust" prepared by John E Baldwin. The author of the latter indicates that "this study was directed to the use of a rocket motor for dissemination of chemical agents using the energy from a solid rocket motor exhaust for dispersion Heat & turbulence of the exhaust serves to break up & distribute the agent over a very wide area." (TAB 67-3, Feb. 1- 1967.) Dr W A Skinner of SRI held 2 Edgewood contracts in 1961 for CW Agent Research. 1 project, funded under Contract No. DA-14-108- 405-CML-839, was aimed at the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds possessing physiological activity." (ARTS, II, p. 77.) The 2d project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-108- 405 CML-587, directed Dr Skinner to "inform the Industrial Liaison Office [of Edgewood] of those recent European developments In chemical, biochemical & pharmacological research that would be of interest to the Chemical Corps." The" project involved attendance at scientific meetings in Europe, among other duties. (ARTS, 11, p. 63.) 2 other SRI researchers, Dr Richard D Cadle & Dr. Robert C Robbins, were simultaneously engaged in a study of the formulation of Encapsulated Aerosols," The purpose of this project, Financed under Edgewood Contract #19A-18-108-405-CML-746 was to obtain fundamental info on the formation of encapsulated aerosols for possible application to the solution of problems on the dissemination of chemical agents." (ARTS, II, p. 212)
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
Syracuse University in 1961 held an Edgewood contract for CW Agent Research involving the "Sampling of Aerosols in Turbulent Air Flow." The purpose of the project was to determine the fundamental relationships governing the mechanics of the sampling of aerosols in turbulent air for application to the sampling of chemical agents in the field." Dr Salamon Eskinazi was the principal investigator in this project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-108- 405-CML-794. (ARTS, IV, p. 114.)
UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE
In 1961, the U of Tennessee was 1 several universities associated with the Army's project on the "Medical Aspects of Chem-Warfare." The overall function of this project was to test selected chemical weapons on animals & then on human volunteers & to "advise & assist in the search for more effective compounds." At Tennessee, a research team in the Division of Surgery led by Dr R Sherman conducted studies of burns produced by mustard gas (HD)." Tennessee held Contract No. DA-18-108-61-G23 for this purpose. (ARTS, p. 1-221.)
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN
The Dept of Microbiology at the U of Texas has since 1960 held a Ft Detrick contract worth about $15,000 a year for virology research on the production of interferon in tissue cultures infected with virus. The title of the project, funded under Contract No. DA 18-035-AMC-391 (A), is n Barrier Properties of a Group of Polymeric Materials to VX Agents." The research on this project was carried on by John Autian & others in the Microbiology Dept. (TAB 6711, June 1, 1967.)
AGRICULTURAL & MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
In 1961 Texas A & M held an Edgewood contract for "Lethal & Incapacitating Agent Research." Dr. A F Isbell, the principal investigator for the project, was directed to undertake the "Investigation & Synthesis of Organophosphorous Compounds." The project was funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-858 with the Army Chemical Corps. (ARTS, II, p. 64.)
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
In recent years, the U of Utah has maintained close ties with the Army Chemical Corps' Dugway Proving Ground, the testing center for CBW weapons. In 1960 Utah had 8 contracts with Dugway, totaling $1,570,000. (Science, Jan. 20-1967). In Fiscal Year 1965, the U of Utah had contracts for research at Dugway worth $32,000. A summary of Army-financed research in 1961 indicates the kind of services that were being performed by the University for Dugway. Mr E Dean Vest of Utah was the principle investigator in a project to "establish endemicity of disease of Dugway Proving Ground & surrounding areas, to evaluate the hazards arising from bio testing, & to demonstrate absence or spread of biological agents." This work was rendered under Contract No. DA-42-007-403-CML-47. (ARTS, p. I-199.)
UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY
Utah State University has held a continuing contract with the US Army Chemical Corps' Dugway proving Ground since 1960. According to Wynne Thorne, Utah State's V.Pres far Research, this contract is for "svc activities performed by undergraduate students on the campus in counting florescent particles as part of a larger program in meteorological investigation." The project is supervised by Dr Paul B Carter of the Bacteriology Dept. The value of the contract for 1966-67 was $92.695.
MEDICAL COLLEGE OF VIRGINIA The Medical College of Virginia has participated in the Army Chemical Corps' extensive project on the Toxicology of Chem-Warfare Agents.. The project was intended to "provide toxicological info required as a basis for selecting new lethal & incapacitating agents, for devising techniques for their dissemination, & for the development of therapeutic measures." The role of the Virginia Medical College in this project was to experiment with drugs that interfered with the action of brain cells. The principal investigator in this project was Dr E C Hoff. The project was funded by the Toxicology Division of the Edgewood Arsenal under Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G-21. (ARTS, p. 1142.)
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
The U of Washington has participated in several Army-financed experimental projects on the clinical effects of chemical agents. 1 project, directed by Dr. K Buettner, was intended to "provide toxicological info required as a basis for selecting new lethal & incapacitating agents." The project task was to "conduct research, basic & applied, to discover toxicity of compounds, efficacy of drugs & mechanism of skin penetration of toxic compounds." Dr Buettner's research was supervised by the Toxicology Division of the Army Chemical Crops under Contract No. DA-18-108-405-CML-666. (ARTS, p. I-186.) A 2d project, on the "Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare," was directed by Dr J Dille. The purpose of this project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-108-CML-6364, was to "determine through clinical research, the effects of selected toxic compounds Also, to advise & assist in the search for more effective toxic compounds." The U of Washington's search for more effective toxic compounds led its scientists to Southern Mexico, where plants with psychotropic substances were collected for laboratory experimentation, according to a 1961 rpt. (ARTS, p. I- 222.) More recently, U of Washington scientists have been conducting research on "Liver Esterase activity in Soman Poisoned Animals." This project involves an investigation of the effects of G-agents (nerve gas). The principal investigator for this project is Ted A Loomis of the Pharmacology Dept. The work is funded under Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-384A. (TAB 67-II, June I-67.)
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
A research team at Washington State University has conducted "Anticrop Warfare Research" for the US Army Biological Laboratories at Ft Detrick. The purpose of the project, funded under Contract No. DA-18-064-404-CML-462, was to "conduct research on chem/bio agents capable of destroying the food & industrial crops of potential enemy countries." The specific task of the Washington group, led by Dr J Walter Hendrix, was to "conduct epidemiological studies on stripe rust of wheat." (ARTS, p. 1202.)
WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
Scientists at Western Reserve University have participated in CW Biological Sciences Research for the Army Chemical Corps. A research team led by Dr R Stoughton held Contract No. DA-18-108- 405-CML-215 for work on "Toxicology of Chem-Warfare Agents," the purpose of which was to conduct research "on compounds that are highly active in producing incapacitation or death by inhalation or percutaneous action when disseminated as gases, aerosols, or gross particles under various climactic conditions." According to a 1961 rpt, Western Reserve's task was to study the penetration of the human skin by "physiologically active compounds." (ARTS, p. I- 186.)
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
In 1964 William & Mary received an $18,000 contract from the Army Chemical Center for research on chemical warfare systems. William & Mary's task, under Edgewood Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-300(A), was to conduct "a study of evaporation kinetics in assemblages of liquid particles in air." (ADRCR, NY 1965, p. 181.)
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
Scientists at the U of Wisconsin have been involved in several CBW research projects. Dr H F Harlow was the principal investigator in a project on the Toxicology of Chem-Warfare Agents," funded by the Army Chemical Corps under Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G-10. The purpose of the project was to "provide toxicological info required as a basis for selecting new lethal & incapacitating agents, for devising techniques for their dissemination, & for the development of therapeutic measures." A 1961 description of this project reveals that "animal toxicity studies will be conducted on compounds that are highly active in producing incapacitation or death by inhalation or percutaneous action when disseminated as gases, aerosols, or gross particles under various climactic conditions." The specific task of the Wisconsin team was to "devise methods for measuring the behavioral changes resulting from the admin of drugs that affect the central nervous system of rhesus or pig-tailed macaques at several dose levels." (ARTS, p. I-141.) This project was continued in 1965 with a $103,000 grant from the Army Chemical Center at the Edgewood Arsenal, under Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-368(A). (ADRCR, NY 1965, p. 1052.) The Edgewood Arsenal financed a 2d project at Wisconsin, in the field of "Pharmacology & Physiological Chemistry of Chem-Warfare."This project was directed by Dr J E Casida, whose work was rendered under Contract No. DA-CML-18-108-61-G6. A description of the project prepared in 1961 indicates that "mechanisms of incapacitation &/or of lethality by selected compounds will be studied, including psychochemical events involved in brain function, the action of respiratory centers, enzymatic processes & electrical phenomena occurring during heart action."The rpt states that Wisconsin's specific task was to determine the action of vitamins in neurotoxicity, particularly thiamine, & its role in poisoning by tri-cresyl phosphate & its metabolites." (ARTS, p. I- 138.) A continuing project on "Molecular Binding & Catalysis" is now underway at Wisconsin, under the direction of Takeru Higuchi. This project includes an investigation of the chemical properties of the nerve gas Sarin. The research is funded under Contract No. DA-18-035-AMC-115. (TAB 67-8, 4-15-67.)
YALE UNIVERSITY
When The New Republic printed a story by Seymour M Hersh in its 5- 6-67 issue which listed Yale among universities currently engaged in CBW research, Yale officials were disposed to investigate the charge. Subsequently, the Dir of Yale's Grant & Contract Admin, John H Hoskins, indicated that "a review of contracts for research shows that there is 1 funded through Ft Detrick. It is an unclassified basic research agreement supporting research of Dr Jack R. Henderson, asst professor of Epidemiology in the Dept of Epidemiology & Public Health. His research is an investigation in the epidemiological properties of viruses. n Among the infections being investigated by Dr Henderson is the Eastern equine encephalitis virus. (Yale Daily News, 5-8, 1967.)
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